Fear Of Crime Female Vs Male Criminology Essay

Fear Of Crime Female Vs Male Criminology Essay Introduction The level of fear of crime across different groups within the community is a major contributor to the Governments focus on the type of support communities require to maintain the feeling of safety. By understanding the dynamics of fear, we are able to predict areas of likely crime through understanding the psyche of the predator and alpha type crimes along with other illegal activities. Due to the generally accepted level of safety within the majority of Australias westernised communities, a common low level of continuous fear to immediate self is evident. Therefore, to qualify this assessment, the Fear of Crime between genders will be considered across multiple situations rather than localities. The analyses derived in this paper are borne from research surveys delivered across a general and random sample of the local community. This will provide an insight into the relationship between gender and vulnerability to crime; whether it is perceived or actual. The study is limited by num ber of people in one country and can be treated as base for developing further research. Previous Research We all must know and understand fear of crime which is explained as peoples emotional response to crime. It can be safely admitted from the surveys conducted that women has more fear of crime than other population groups. Fear of crime is associated with perceptions of local problems, derived mainly from a high incidence of physical and social incivility. Women have been observed to be amongst the most vulnerable groups. There are number of communities having large fear of crime amongst all the population. The problem can be classified as crime as it serious for any segment of population to live with fear of crime. The fear problem has emerged as serious concern since last three decades, and statistical figures of Australian women indicate that womens fear of crime is greater among those who have lower incomes, those in the older age groups, and those living with a partner. Women fear is characterised by dual nature namely: concrete and formless fear. Concrete fear is the fear associated with certain crimes. The implicit assumption here is that some criminal activities cause more fear than others. For example, rape fear is much more than fear than theft. Formless fear, however, is a more generic or less specific fear of crime. Younger generations have reported higher levels of both types of fear. Studies conclude that younger women reported highest results for concrete fear, or fear of specific crimes. Women consider fear of rape equivalent to fear of murder. Fear is stronger in single as compared to married women. Additionally, experiencing specific offences is better predictor of fear from specific happenings than others. The degree of fear may differ from low to high level. Studies are conducted by providing specific situations to the respondents about the degree of anxiety and fear from the situations. The situations are common in our general routin e e.g. a) walking in their neighborhood at night, b) taking public transport, c) using a parking garage, and d) being home. The response categories are segregated as level of fear as: not at all worried (0), and worried (1). Logistic regression was utilized to determine the effect of demographic, experiential, and behavioral variables on fear in four situations. Majority of women narrated having at least once incidence of violence in last 12 months, approximately two thirds (66.4%) of respondents reported receiving an obscene phone call, while three out of five reported receiving unwanted attention from a stranger. Almost one third (32.4%) reported being followed by a stranger in a way that frightened them. A large proportion of women reported being somewhat or very worried walking in their neighborhood at night (61.0%). Factor of personal income is not significant factor in predicting fear while using public transportation. Women with higher levels of education were 5.2 percent mor e likely to be worried while in the transportation situation, 5.1 percent more likely to report being worried while in a parking garage alone at night, but 3.2 percent less likely to report fear while home alone in the evening (Scott, 2003). Research studies also indicate that women who have already experienced violence, especially victims of domestic violence, become more fearful for crime as against other women. It was surprising to note from the revelations that 58 per cent of female homicide victims have assailants who are intimates/former intimates. These facts provide a strong argument for early intervention to prevent domestic violence and provide assistance to dysfunctional and violent families. In another survey from the sample of 6333 respondents, approximately 70% of the Women felt unsafe when walking alone in their area after dark, which is higher than the percentages reported by the 1996 British Crime Survey (47%) and the 1991 Queensland Crime Victims Survey (45.3%). However, these figures are much lower than the result obtained in a study carried out in Edinburgh in 1992 (Carcarh, Mukherjee, 1999). Fear of Crime in the Home Under the crimes at home, there is important contribution of domestic violence. Under this aspect though domestic violence can impact both genders but the history confirms that chances of crime against women are high. This is mainly due to reason that women may be exposed to domestic violence at home on regular basis. The domestic violence is a crime and involves sexual abuse (whether you are married to the other person or not); physical abuse or assault (for example, slapping, biting, kicking, and threats of physical violence); damage to property or anything you value; economic abuse, that is, when the other person keeps money to which you are legally entitled, emotional abuse (that is, degrading or humiliating behaviour, including repeated insults, belittling, cursing and threats), and any other controlling or abusive behaviour which poses a threat to your safety, health or well-being. It was been amazing to observe that Women living with a partner are likely to experience greater fear of violence. The research shows that even the conclusion drawn by Madrizs (1997) indicated that women victims of domestic violence have to face violence at home and violence on the streets that other women face, which increase their level of fear of crime in the community. Women facing physical violence by males will report fear from crime double than the women who have not experience physical violence at all. These results support Madrizs (1997) finding that women victims of domestic violence have to face violence at home and violence on the streets that other women face, which would increase their level of fear of crime in the community (Carcach, Mukherjee, 1999). The Gender Difference in Fear of Crime Studies have indicated that though both genders are prone to crime but majority of the studies confirm the gender differential is the most consistent finding in the literature on fear of crime. There is reporting of fear of crime by women at levels that are three times that of men (Chan, 2008). Since last three decades, there has been lot of concern about women safety in the police communication in Australia, England, Canada and Wales. Police and local authorities issued safety advice to women. One of the research studies conducted (Grade 1989) focus on crime prevention indicating women as prime consumers of targeted advice about personal safety. However, review of data shows that young men are most at risk to personal violence in public. Despite this, women are considered the most important constituency for guidance about danger. Literature Review The effects of demographic variables on fear are mixed. There may be number of incidents of events which can create fear in the minds. One of such thinking is when people walk alone in ones neighborhood at night. Where many demographic variables increase fear while walking in ones neighborhood or being home alone at night (i.e. lower education levels, lower reported personal income, and living in an urban area). Majority of people understand fear of crime centered on findings using respondents feelings of fear or worry while walking in their neighborhood at night. There is another fear i.e fear of strangers which has been suitably referred to as stranger danger. During childhood, all of us are told to be wary of strangers. Women fear the danger posed by strange men even though statistics show that women are more likely to be victimized by individuals they know. It would appear that they are most afraid of the surprise sexual attack by the unknown assailant, despite the fact that stat istics and public service media campaigns are making women aware of dangers of dating and marital situations. Number of survey reports discuss about the fear of crime and indicate relatively small but statistically significant differences between fear rates expressed by men and women. Majority of women are believed to be fearful of crime; and all men fearless (Gilchrist, 1988). Studies are limited to explain why women might harbor anxiety about their personal safety. Skogan and Maxfield (1981) suggest that womens fear of crime is because of their physical and social openness. Womens fear of sexual assault i.e. fear of rape also causes lack of safety amongst the women. Research Questions This research is to assist with the targeting of safety programs and the determination of focus for future community groups and activities. This paper will address the problem of which gender within the local community fears crime, whether actual or perceived, and the times that they feel most unsafe. By understanding this, programs can be directed towards these groups and the understanding of safety and their options when confronted with a situation can be addressed. Based on collected statically data this paper will directly address the aspects of the genders influence of the fear of crime: Do the different genders fear crime differently? What affect does age have on females fear of crime? Do females feel safer at home during the day or evening? Due to the results of the above previous research and general perception within the Westernised Urban Australian culture, it is expected that females will report a higher level of fear of crime. Because of this the second and third questions within this report will focus on the different generations and locations in which females fear crime; including showing the amounts in which it various. If the results unexpectedly show that males are more fearful of crime, then the questions regarding the female generations and locations effects of their perceived fear are still warranted and are able to be used to target female related programs. Method This analysis utilises data collected by previous research groups over the past few years. This offers the advantage of including the indexing of generations over time allowing a slightly more average and round return compared to a frozen snapshot in time. The survey was conducted across all age groups from varying social-economic backgrounds and cultures. Also the location spread of the survey focuses on South East Queensland however reaches into other states and some samples are returned from overseas (Micronesia). Sampling was conducted via a take home survey with instructions included. There was a directed expectation of integrity of answers, which created minimal cross-contamination. Immediately upon completion, surveys were to be returned via either mail or in person allowing coalition and further reducing the possibility of corrupted samples. Fear of crime will be the dependent variable and will indicate the level of felt across the genders in varying situations. The gender of respondent is the independent variable which is being assessed as to whether it relates to the fear of crime and in addition to gender, age  [1]  and time of day will also be independent variables. All these variables will be determined by the survey responses and the dependent variable will be tested for statistical independence. Analytic Techniques Summary of analysis completed The data is presented in tabular format along with graphs and charts. All descriptive statistics is calculated for each variable on interval or ratio scale. Further, data is analysed using statistical techniques such as chi-square test, one- way ANOVA followed by POST HOC tests, Z-test for comparing mean etc. Level of significance is fixed at 5%. All p-value less than 0.05 will be treated as significant. Dealing with missing data Missing data is almost part of every research. In this study, missing data is limited to a small number of subjects. Hence we opted a list-wise deletion of subjects. Only the subjects with missing data will be eliminated from the study. That is if a subject is missing data on any of the variables used in the analysis, it is completed eliminated. Dealing with outliers, errors etc. Dealing with outliers and errors is very difficult. In this study, we found very less outliers and errors. All subjects with outliers or errors are excluded from the study. Since errors are at random, it makes no much effect on study, if we remove them from the study. Any other problems in completing the analysis (e.g. violations of requirements) Before conducting all parametric tests, all the necessary required conditions are checked and further analysis is done. For parametric tests, normality assumption is checked. All data is found to be approximated normally distributed. Age-wise distribution Gender Frequency Percent Male 162 45.6 Female 193 54.4 Total 355 100.0 Findings Question one or Hypothesis One: Does fear of crime differ by gender? Table gender * Afraid group Cross tabulation Afraid Score Total Afraid Score less than 4 Afraid score between 4-6 Afraid Score above 6 gender Male Count 83 61 16 160 % of Total 23.5% 17.3% 4.5% 45.3% Female Count 53 76 64 193 % of Total 15.0% 21.5% 18.1% 54.7% Total Count 136 137 80 353 % of Total 38.5% 38.8% 22.7% 100.0% Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 34.275a 2 .000 Likelihood Ratio 36.068 2 .000 Linear-by-Linear Association 33.650 1 .000 N of Valid Cases 353 Conclusion: Parsons Chi-square is found to be 34.275 with p-value Respondents Perceived Level of Unsafety While at Home During the Day and Gender gender * safe day Cross tabulation safe day Total Very Unsafe Unsafe Neither safe nor unsafe Safe Very safe Never home alone during the day gender Male Count 1 3 4 35 111 1 155 % of Total .3% .9% 1.2% 10% 32.3% .3% 451% Female Count 3 7 24 72 83 0 189 % of Total .9% 2.0% 7.0% 20% 24.1% .0% 55% Total Count 4 10 28 107 194 1 344 % of Total 1.2% 2.9% 8.1% 31% 56.4% .3% 100% Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 31.670a 5 .000 Likelihood Ratio 33.680 5 .000 Linear-by-Linear Association 24.327 1 .000 N of Valid Cases 344 Conclusion: Parsons Chi-square is found to be 31.670 with p-value Question Two or Hypothesis Two: Are older women more fearful than younger women? Graph age * Fear Group Cross tabulation Fear Group Total Fear Score less than 3 Fear Score between 4 -6 Fear Score above 6 age Age Group 18 -24 Count 12 14 14 40 % of Total 6.3% 7.3% 7.3% 20.8% Age Group 25-34 Count 15 30 13 58 % of Total 7.8% 15.6% 6.8% 30.2% Age Group 34-44 Count 13 14 11 38 % of Total 7.3% 5.7% 19.8% Age Group 45-54 Count 8 9 10 27 % of Total 4.7% 5.2% 14.1% Age Group 55-64 Count 6 6 4 16 % of Total 3.1% 6.8% 2.1% 8.3% Age group 65 and over Count 2 5 6 13 % of Total 1.0% 4.2% 3.1% 6.8% Total Count 56 78 6 192 % of Total 29.2% 40.6% 30.2% 100.0% Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 7.544a 10 .673 Likelihood Ratio 7.512 10 .676 Linear-by-Linear Association .284 1 .594 N of Valid Cases 192 Conclusion: Parsons Chi-square is found to be 7.544 with p-value > 0.05; hence there is no significant association between fear and age group. Hence we can conclude that, age is not associated with fear. Average Score of Female Respondents Fear of Crime and Age e.g. Table or graph, ANOVA Test Descriptive (Fear) N Mean Std. Deviation 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound Age Group 18 -24 40 5.1162 2.44853 4.3332 5.8993 Age Group 25-34 58 4.3498 1.91327 3.8468 4.8529 Age Group 34-44 38 4.3447 2.24761 3.6060 5.0835 Age Group 45-54 27 4.8770 2.42666 3.9171 5.8370 Age Group 55-64 16 4.6325 2.57747 3.2591 6.0059 Age group 65 and over 13 6.0692 2.60333 4.4961 7.6424 Total 192 4.7226 2.29671 4.3957 5.0495 ANOVA fear2 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 44.032 5 8.806 1.700 .137 Within Groups 963.469 186 5.180 Total 1007.500 191 Conclusion: there is no significant difference in fear score among various age groups. F= 1.70, p > 0.05, hence we can conclude that the fear score is almost same among persons of all age groups. Female Respondents Received Level of Unsafety While at Home During the Day and Age e.g. Table or graph, ANOVA Test Descriptive (safe day) N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound Age Group 18 -24 39 4.3846 .84652 .13555 4.1102 4.6590 Age Group 25-34 57 4.2456 .66227 .08772 4.0699 4.4213 Age Group 34-44 37 4.0000 1.20185 .19758 3.5993 4.4007 Age Group 45-54 26 4.3846 .75243 .14756 4.0807 4.6885 Age Group 55-64 16 4.0625 1.06262 .26566 3.4963 4.6287 Age group 65 and over 13 3.6923 1.03155 .28610 3.0689 4.3157 Total 188 4.1915 .91074 .06642 4.0605 4.3225 ANOVA safe day Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 7.454 5 1.491 1.838 .108 Within Groups 147.653 182 .811 Total 155.106 187 Conclusion: there is no significant difference in safe day score among various age groups. F= 7.454, p > 0.05, there is no significant difference between feeling safety during day score and age. Female Respondents Perceived Level of Unsafety While At Home Alone After Dark and Age e.g. Table or graph, ANOVA Test N Mean Std. Deviation 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound Age Group 18 -24 34 9.1765 2.25637 1.3036 17.0493 Age Group 25-34 46 7.9130 1.94569 2.1351 13.6910 Age Group 34-44 33 3.5758 1.25076 3.1323 4.0193 Age Group 45-54 25 1.1760 2.59700 1.0401 22.4799 Age Group 55-64 16 1.5125 3.23787 -2.1284 32.3784 Age group 65 and over 11 2.6364 .92442 2.0153 3.2574 Total 165 8.2364 2.035861 5.1069 11.3658 ANOVA safenite Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 2166.272 5 433.254 1.047 .392 Within Groups 65807.509 159 413.884 Total 67973.782 164 Conclusion: there is no significant difference in safe night score among various age groups. F= 1.047, p > 0.05, there is no significant difference between feeling safety during night score and age. Question Three or Hypothesis Three: Average Score of Female Respondents Fear of Crime and Live Alone E.g. Table or graph, z-test of mean differences Descriptive (Fear) N Mean Std. Deviation 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound Live Alone 121 4.6625 2.32150 4.2446 5.0803 Dont live alone 17 6.1000 2.13131 5.0042 7.1958 Total 138 4.8396 2.34008 4.4457 5.2335 ANOVA fear2 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 30.802 1 30.802 5.823 .017 Within Groups 719.406 136 5.290 Total 750.208 137 Conclusion: there is significant difference in fear score women who live alone and dont live alone at home. F= 5.823, p Female Respondents Received Level of Unsafety While at Home Alone During the Day and Lives Alone E.g. Table or graph, z-test of mean differences Female Respondents Received Level of Unsafety While a Home Alone After Dark and Lives Alone E.g. Table or graph, z-test of mean differences N Mean Std. Deviation 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound safe day Live Alone 119 4.1176 .91296 3.9519 4.2834 Dont live alone 16 3.6875 1.07819 3.1130 4.2620 Total 135 4.0667 .93999 3.9067 4.2267 safenite Live Alone 102 5.5000 13.19747 2.9078 8.0922 Dont live alone 14 2.1429 .77033 1.6981 2.5876 Total 116 5.0948 12.41946 2.8107 7.3789 ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. safe day Between Groups 2.610 1 2.610 2.997 .086 Within Groups 115.790 133 .871 Total 118.400 134 safenite Between Groups 138.743 1 138.743 .899 .345 Within Groups 17599.214 114 154.379 Total 17737.957 115 Conclusion: There is no significant difference in fear score of women who live alone and dont live alone at home during day. F= 2.997, p > 0.05, there is significant difference between feeling safety during day score and living alone status. There is no significant difference in fear score of women who live alone and dont live alone at home during day. F= 2.997, p > 0.05, there is significant difference between feeling safety during day score and living alone status. Discussion/Conclusion Summary of Results: how did you answer each question/hypothesis? Each hypothesis is tested for rejection with appropriate test of significance. The level of significance is set at 5%. All p-values greater than 0.05 will be treated as insignificant and the null hypothesis will be accepted. Implications of findings for theoretical explanations In this, out of 355 respondents, 162 (45.4%) are males and 193 (55.6%) are females. This study clearly shows that there is significant association between gender and fear of crime (p 0.05). The level of fear is almost equal among all age groups in women. No significant difference was found in the average score of fear between different age groups of women (p-value > 0.05). There is no significant difference in safe night score among various age groups in women (p-value > 0.05). There is significant difference in fear score among women who live alone and dont live alone at home (p Limitations of the Research There are limitations to this study. Firstly the sample size only pertains to only one country and considering all are local population, the data does not give diversity of opinion. Australia is a country where population has settled form wide range of countries and their cultural differences have not been considered. The survey is conducted only in English and non English speaking women must be unable to report their experiences of victimization. As a result, these indicators lack sufficient data regarding the prevalence of violence against immigrant women as well as some groups of Aboriginal women. Majority of countries are carving out funds for preventing violence against women. The real effect is yet to be seen. Future research is required to look into use of these funds and any improvement the funds could generate. Moreover, due to the different sources of data used in this document, comparisons over time and between jurisdictions have been done. Moreover, quantitative data may have serious limitations. They cannot portray the reality of violence in the lives of individual women the fear such violence instills and the trauma it causes. It is the answers of women themselves that is necessary to provide the context and texture of that reality. Quantitative data always need to be complemented by qualitative data to give an accurate and complete picture of violence against women. The sample sizes do not permit the disaggregation of data on violence against immigrant and refugee women, women of color, women with disabilities, teenage women and girls, older women, women living in poverty, homeless women, women in rural and remote communities and bisexual women. In the absence of sufficient data on women in all their diversity, these indicators cannot provide a complete profile of the experiences of all women in Australia or their experiences of violence through their lifecycles. It was also noted that there is a lack of national data on the individual economic costs of violence against women including costs of the loss of financial supports, legal services, housing, mental and physical health etc. The study has not assumed the percentage of people not reporting crime because of loss of their self reputation. In certain areas, such as violence against women, methodological shortcomings and lack of reporting, or under-reporting, led to inaccurate data collection, and such unreliable or mislea

Collective unconscious Essay

Carl Jung was born in Kesswyl, Thurgau, Switzerland on July 26, 1875. His father was kind but weak, while his mother was an insecure woman but with two personalities: (a) kind and loving (b) harsh and aloof. Jung was lonely at childhood making him introvert. In 1906 he published The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, a psychoanalytic treatment of schizophrenia. He first met Freud in 1907 and Freud regarded Jung as his son and they travelled and worked together that lasted until 1913. Freud and Jung had an argument that ended their friendship. Freud considered it as the â€Å"Great Loss†. Jung is the first president of International Psychoanalytic Society. Jung established his own school of psychology named â€Å"Analytical Psychology†. Jung begun the structure of personality and made the ego, personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Dynamics of Personality Carl Jung conceived that the personality or psyche as being a partially closed energy system. Energy from the outside sources must be added into the system and the system will only be perfect and stabilized if it is completely closed. He called psychic energy as the energy by which the work of personality is performed. Psyche – refers to all psychological processes: thoughts, feelings, sensations, wishes, etc. It is also another term for personality. Principle of Equivalence – states that if a particular value weakens the sum of the energy represented by the value will not be lost from the psyche but will reappear in a new value. Principle of Entropy – states that the distribution of energy in the psyche seeks equilibrium and balance. Structure of Personality. 1. Ego – it is one’s conscious mind. It serves as the organized conscious mediator between the person and reality especially by functioning both in the perception of and adaptation to reality. 2. Personal unconscious – the material in the personal unconscious comes from the individual’s past. It consist f experiences that was once conscious but have been repressed. 3. Collective unconscious – is the part of the collective psyche that is unconscious. It is the storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from one’s ancestral past. Archetypes – it is the universal thought form or predisposition to respond to the world in a certain way. It emphasizes potentialities; it represents different potential ways in which we may express our humanities. The Self – it represents the unity of all parts of the personality. It is the central archetype. Self Ultimate unity of personality (the central archetype) Persona Mask or Social Role Shadow Animal instincts or the opposite of Persona Anima Feminine side of male psyche Animus Masculine side of the female psyche. The Persona – refers to the social role that one assumes in society. It is a mask that one wears to adjust to the demands of society. The Shadow – encompasses those unsocial thoughts, feelings and behaviours that we potentially posses and other characteristics that we do not want to accept. The Anima – feminine side of the male psyche. The Animus – masculine side of the female psyche. Word association – a test used by Jung to detect complexes. The test is composed of a list of words; as each word is presented, the patient responds with the first word that comes to his or her mind. Complexes – an organized group of thoughts, feelings and memories about a particular concept that has power to draw new ideas into it and interpret them accordingly. Basic Attitudes Extroverted attitude: a standpoint characterized by an outward flowing of personal energy — an interest in events, in people and things, a relationship with them, and a dependence on them. Introverted attitude: characterized by an inward flowing of personal energy—a withdrawal concentrating on subjective factors. The Four Functions Thinking – gives meaning and understanding; actions are a result of an intellectually considered motive; life is based on principles. Feeling – a rational function that weighs, values, and attaches a proper value to things. Truth is seen as inter-subjectivity. Sensation – emphasis on perception through the senses. It is a reality functions because it yields facts and the representations of the world. Intuition – tells of future possibilities and gives information of the atmosphere which surrounds experience. Causality vs. Teleology For Jung both past and the future standpoints are important in determining the present behaviour. Teleology explains the present in terms of the future while causality explains the present in terms of the past. Individuation – process of restoring wholeness to the psyche in adult development. Transcendence Function – is capacity to unite all of the opposing trends of the several systems to work toward the perfect wholeness. Self realization – is process of development that involves individuation and transcendence. In the process, the systems of the psyche achieve their fullest most complete differentiation and harmonious blending of all aspects of a human’s total personality. Strengths Jung’s theory as the first to discuss the process of self actualization. He was the first to emphasize the importance of the future in determining human behaviour. He stressed the attainment of selfhood as the main motive in human behaviour. Weaknesses Jung’s method was not systematic and puts too much emphasis on occultism, spiritualism and religion. His theory was said to be unscientific, unclear, inconsistent and contradictory. His self actualization is only applicable to the highly intelligent, well educated and those who have plenty of time to reach a degree of individualism. Sources: Engler, B. (2006). Personality Theories: An Introduction. USA: Houghton Mifflin Company. Hall, C. , Gardner, L. (1975). Theories of Personality. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Burger, J. (2008). Personality. Belmont, California, Wadsworth Clonniger, S. (2004). Theories of Personality: Understanding Persons. USA: Pearson Prentice Hall Mitchell, G. Carl Jung & Jungian Analytical Psychology. Retrieved from http://www. trans4mind. com/mind-development/jung. htmlÃ'Ž

The Hidden Treasure of Sport Psychology Topics for Essay

The Hidden Treasure of Sport Psychology Topics for Essay What Is So Fascinating About Sport Psychology Topics for Essay? Speaking about your academic essay on sports psychology, unlike in the past few years past, there's been an increased focus on active and wholesome living and therefore, individuals are encouraged to take part in wholesome sporting activities. Closed environment sports may try to replicate so far as possible the movements in which they'll be performing in their sport. A great deal of questions in sport has been already discussed, thus you need to pick out a unique one and present it in the simplest way possible. Just about everyone could be thought of a fan of a minumum of one sport. Sporting activities have existed for many millenniums. Sports betting and its negative effect on the society. It is an integral part of everyday life. You need to look for something original. Pay close attention to all things electronic, and you will be certain to find something debatable of what you see. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. There's no consensus on morality too. Sport Psychology Topics for Essay - Overview Other instances, like in an abnormal psychology program, might require that you compose your paper on a particular subject like a psychological disorder. As an example, topics include the effect of exercise on mental well-being, how to increase compliance to an exercise program, and the usage of music for motivation during exercise. Other research has centered on the use of visualization strategies to improve skills and decrease performance anxiety. Practice within the field of applied sport and exercise psychology usually involves a mix of individual and group consulting or counseling based on the fashion of the professional conducting the intervention and the requirements of the customer. There are plenty of details of the topic that could use attention. Make certain there are enough online sources on the subject you've chosen. The entire research should be constructed around or from the subject. There are instances when you're assigned with the topic but more frequently, you will need to create a topic on your own. You will need to reveal the readers that you master of this issue and not a confused newbie who doesn't understand what he or she's referring to. What's more, it is possible to still request our experts to aid you. Hopefully, it is going to force you to brainstorm the subject of science to undertake valuable research! General psychology is a vast sphere of wisdom and the wri ter has a good chance to choose among the truly amazing collection of ideas. Following topics are entirely predictable you will see enough sources to write about, and you're very likely to relish your research. An additional recommendation for future research is the way to conceptualize mental wellness awareness. It is possible to pick one of them or search for different topics on the internet. Psychology of Music is an active research area, and it has seen significant growth in the united kingdom in recent decades. The 30-Second Trick for Sport Psychology Topics for Essay For your paper to be useful, it's important to opt for an interesting subject, to begin with. Otherwise, the entire paper might be hard to comprehend. Despite the fact that a research paper is difficult to write it'll be simpler if it's necessary to write about something you're passionate about. The more you comprehend the simpler it's for you to compose a thriving research paper. There's well-known that you won't have the ability to compose a fantastic insightful research paper if you're not interested in the subject overall and in this issue specifically. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make sure you do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. As you start trying to find psychology essay topic ideas, the very first thing which you should think about is the guidelines for your essay given by your instructor. After you have selected your topic it's important to make sure your paper is suitably prepared and well written. When deciding on your research paper topic, you should make certain it is neither boring nor worn out. You can depend on the very best essay help online. If you aren't able to proceed further once assigned with a research paper then be sure to get assistance from the superior helpers for topics and research paper thesis statement service also. Whether you wish to compose your research paper in MLA format or APA format in both the subject of the situation is required in the very first place that's provided in the list below.

How Can And Will Affect Tomorrow - 1738 Words

Life is and always has been a series of events, that shape and mold us to become the people we are today. The actions we take today can and will affect tomorrow. The events that take place in our lives may not always be happy ones. However, even the hard times have a role and place in our stories. If you look hard enough you might even see the goodness in a seemingly unpleasant situation. How we overcome these challenges and face our fears will determine how we view ourselves and the world. One of your earliest childhood memories if you recall, took place in the mountains. I was about three and I went with my father and some of his friends to the snow. I remember not being able to find my dad at one point and I became very afraid. I†¦show more content†¦Which often stems from disoriented and avoidant attachments. As you grow and raise a family know that spending time with your children and forming strong health relationships with them, is of the upmost importance. I hope you come to realize sooner than later that the relationships you form now will affect you for the rest of your life. My first real friends were my cousins. We grew up living very close to one another so in a way we were more like siblings then friends. I remember we would play for hours in the back yard. The areas we played in became a place to gain knowledge the back yard was no longer the back yard but a place where we would learn how to have friendships and interact with each other and the world around us. Erikson’s Theory Initiative versus Guilt describes a time period where children are excited to explore the world and have a need to tackle tasks and form friendships. Erikson’s theory underlines the importance of play and associates play with how young children learn about their world. Although some of my cousins are no longer here the memory of them still remains. The friendships I formed with them helped me with other relationships as I grew older. The interaction a child receives with their peers helps them learn and form attachments. Middle school was a very difficult time for me. Not only were we in the process of moving but I was also changing schools. I remember being very afraidShow MoreRelatedThe Modern World1742 Words   |  7 PagesIs it not silly to assume there is one intangible object in this life that everyone thirsts to grasp, and yet refuses to see how important it is? This element continues to be simply, knowledge. As an impressive human species we believe knowledge is the key to life. This is why throughout history so many have attempted to eradicate this fortunate part of our life. The Babylonians sabotaged the library of Assurbanipal in Nineveh, which was the first and finest known library of the ancient world, andRead MoreReducing Stress By Being Organized820 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of a filing system is to reduce stress by being organized. Handling stress is not good for our being, so a good filing system is required. Life can become complicated when we let decisions and actions stac k up without taking the time to thoughtfully process as to their short and long term effects on our life. Opportunities come at us like raindrops in a thunderstorm, pelting our brains until we go into brain overload. Our thinking becomes fuzzy, muddled, and confused; therefore, a goodRead MoreTomorrow, When The War727 Words   |  3 PagesTomorrow, When the War Began displays to us the kinds of changes people go through when they are confronted with an improbable situation, and why those changes arise. It shows us how one situation can affect each person differently. Homer is changed by the war, we first understood him to be this immature and irresponsible prankster with no regard to the consequences of his actions. Homer likes stirring trouble and doesn’t care about what others say or think of him, homers attitude changes, he swiftlyRead MoreWhat is Knowledge?1098 Words   |  4 Pages There’s always a new theory, experiment, or work that can prove a new stance. With the progression of time, knowledge can sometimes be discarded. But what is knowledge? And what kind of factors can impact it which leads to it being discarded? Knowledge is information centered by a concept that conveys a message and can be acquired through learning or memory. Many different factors can have an effect on whether someone accepts information as knowledge or knowledgeable. The biggest impacts are biasesRead MoreThe Acquisition of Knowledge689 Words   |  3 Pagesdeterminants can be influenced by personal background, feelings, and incomplete methods of reasoning and so on. Therefore, this essay will be analyzing the above question through two areas of knowledge history and ethics. 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The T’s stand for tomorrow and tomorrow and the @ 24 is tomorrows day an d â€Å"C† stands for creep and â€Å"PP†Read MoreFear Of The Unknown ( Xenophobia )1036 Words   |  5 Pages(Xenophobia): Why and How to Conquer this Fear Goal: I will inform the audience about the Fear of the Unknown (Xenophobia), why people have this fear and how to conquer this fear. Introduction: I. Jacob Olesen’s definition of Xenophobia is â€Å"the irrational sense of fear experienced about a person or situations that are perceived as strange or foreign.† II. Fear of the Unknown is the fear of anything that is beyond one’s comfort zone. III. The intense and irrational fear of foreigners can also be based onRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s The Great Depression 1711 Words   |  7 Pagesabsurd, and irrational universe.† (Simpson 262) Vonnegut’s Midwestern attitude of individuality and purpose for writing collide and create a common theme in his works. By analyzing â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, â€Å"Welcome to the Monkey House†, and â€Å"Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow,† it is easy to see that Vonnegut’s serves his society by showing flaws in the society and then showing a common theme of the value of individuality. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† begins in the year 2081 and everyone is equal through the useRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare994 Words   |  4 Pages Consequences of Ambition Ambitions can impact individuals in many different ways. An ambition can make people work hard to achieve their dreams and being successful. On the other hand, ambition can have negative characteristics such as greed, intolerance, and even power. People would do anything even neglect the needs of others to accomplish their reward. At times, it can change an individual’s whole personality. This can be evident in the play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, whoRead MoreThe United States Of America Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesStates of America: a country that seeks to pioneer the future and to lead the world to a more prosperous tomorrow through its influence on global culture. As of now, the US is considered the only superpower country in the 21st century. Due to this, the US is expected to set examples and lead in aspects like technological, economic, educational, and military developments. However, recent history shows how the United States is no longer the c ountry to follow when it comes to advancing society. While the

Between A Rock And A Hard Place Seems To Be A Very...

Between a Rock and a Hard Place seems to be a very appropriate title for this HBO documentary whose executive producer and star is Dwayne â€Å"The Rock† Johnson. Young men with serious criminal charges and significant prison sentences are provided a second chance by participating in the Miami-Dade Corrections and Rehabilitation Department’s Boot Camp Program in place of serving their entire prison sentence. Dwayne Johnson greets 38 cadets starting the program, lectures them on their opportunity and asserts that he wants the world to see the importance of the program. Lastly, he tells them bluntly, not to â€Å"†¦f**k this up.† For most people it would appear that participating in this 16 week program would be easier compared to the alternative of†¦show more content†¦The program offers each of these benefits at different phases. The documentary presents each participant in a way that it is difficult not to find some way to relate and even care for them or their sense of purpose. Notably, the program appears thorough with its design to offer support systems and provides various means of addressing potential obstacles of a cadets’ success, such as lack of education, lack of support from family, anger management and substance abuse. Even so, a viewer cannot help but question some of the harsh treatments. For example, in the beginning you are introduced to two young men who struggle with understanding the English commands that a drill instructor is barking at them. Later within the documentary, these same cadets are taken aside and told they are expected to work harder to overcome the challenge of not understanding English. Towards the end one cadet ends up breaking down sobbing because he fails one of his critical tests towards graduation, due to the language barrier. Though there are classes to help the participants learn to prepare for a GED, there are no tools to help them learn English. It appears to be an unfair hardship for these two Spanish-sp eaking young men. Another concern regarding fair treatment, is though there are many who respectfully follow every command and satisfy everyShow MoreRelatedSounds of Silence: Gordon Hempton Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagesnature and nothing very important or specific. I think that this lack of visual interest in the B-roll really detracts from the video as a whole. Because there was nothing specific for me to focus my attention on, I was quickly bored with the clip. The clip begins with very rapid shots of morning and an industrial city. The clips are quickly flashed and then gone, not giving the viewer much time to register what they have seen, but they can understand what they have heard. It was hard to watch, but easyRead MoreThe Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe Standing Rock Sioux Tribe currently fights to save its only water source from natural gas and oil contamination. This troubling current event has a somewhat forgotten historical analogue where very similar themes presented themselves. The Kinzua Dam Controversy, which took place in the 1950’s and early 1960’s, resulted in the displacement of over 600 Seneca Indian families and the acquisition of a large tract of traditional Seneca Land for dam building. Additionally, the acquisition of SenecaRead MoreThe Problem Of School Violence886 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding stabbing, rape, or even fist fights (in which there was serious injury or de ath). Despite this unprecedented level of aggression among our nation’s youth, the nation, in its entirety, has not dedicated an appropriate amount of time and energy to coming up with a solution. The bulk of the hard work needed in order to create a safer atmosphere for our children has been left to our teachers. 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Alzheimer’s Disease †Essay 2 Free Essays

Alzheimer’s Disease Joy Pachowicz PSY 350 Professor Alina Sheppe Perez May 15, 201 Introduction Alzheimer’s disease, despite being so widespread, is not really considered part of the aging process. According to Robert Feldman, author of the textbook, â€Å"Understanding Psychology†, only 19% of people who are ages 75 to 84 suffer from this disease. It is only once they pass the age of 85, that the elderly need to be more concerned about the possibility of developing Alzheimer’s disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Alzheimer’s Disease – Essay 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( Feldman, p. 446) Fifty percent of all people over 85 years of age suffer from Alzheimer’s disease and researchers believe that if no cure for the disease is found by the year 2050; there will be 14 million people affected by this disease. (Feldman, p. 446) What is Alzheimer’s disease and how is it diagnosed? What are its symptoms and who are most likely to develop this disease? The purpose of this paper is to explore what Alzheimer’s disease is and offer some suggestions of how to approach it in the future. What is Alzheimer’s Disease? According to the Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, Alzheimer’s Disease is a â€Å"progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain’s nerve cells, or neurons, resulting in the loss of memory, thinking, language skills, and behavioral changes† (www. alzfdn. org) With Alzheimer’s disease, neuron cells are destroyed in the hippocampus, and this is what sparks the loss of short term memory; and as neuron cells die in the cerebral cortex, so too the functionality of language and clear thinking sees a marked decline in the person who has developed Alzheimer’s disease (www. lzfdn. org) With Alzheimer’s disease, there is diminished production of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is very much involved with our ability to memorize and retain information; so, if there is a decrease in Acetylcholine; our memory’s ability to function suffers greatly. (Feldman, p. 66) Symptoms of Alzheimerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Disease How does one know to even consult with a specialist or seek out one’s physician regarding Alzheimer’s disease? There are some telltale symptoms that set up red flags of warning. If you see any of these symptoms, please see a physician to determine if you have Alzheimer’s disease: 1. Memory Loss that disrupts Daily Life 2. Difficulties in planning events or solving problems 3. Difficulties performing familiar tasks or household work 4. Confusion with time or place. 5. Troubles interpreting visual images and spacial relationships 6. Problems with forming words or with communicating Losing items and not being able to remember what one recently did. 7. Failing and poor judgement 8. Withdrawal from work or social activities 9. Changes in Mood or Behavioral ( www. lz. org) Now just because you may have one or all these doesn’t necessarily mean you have Alzheimer’s disease. Time is very much a key element in acting on these symptoms. If these symptoms persist over a long period of time; then it’s time to have a professional evaluation of the symptoms. . Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease According to the Alzheimer’s Association , there are several steps to take when trying to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease. First, one must consult with his/her medical doctor. When going, it’s important to take a copy of one’s whole medical history. While at the consultation, one can be given a mental status test. Along with this test, a physical and neurological exam should be given. Blood tests should be taken to rule out other possible causes of memory loss. (www. alz. org) The specialists one could see to determine whether one is suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and not some other illness are: Psychologists, Neurologists and Psychiatrist. (www. alz. org) Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease As with other diseases, Alzheimer’s has varying stages it progresses through as it develops in the body and affects the brain. The first stage consists of the mere manifestation of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, which we have already listed: memory problems, difficulty forming words, forgetfulness etc. ( www. nia. nih. gov) The next stage would be what doctors would label the mild stage of Alzheimer’s disease. During this stage, cognitive abilities are more impaired. There are difficulties with handling money or paying bills. Repeating things over and over again begin to be notice. (www. nia. nih. gov) The mild stage gives way to the moderate stage of Alzheimer’s disease. New symptoms appear and older ones worsen. Memory continues to decline in this stage. In this stage it becomes more and more difficult to recognize family and friends. In the moderate stage of Alzheimer’s disease there are hallucinations and paranoia. It’s more difficult to get dressed, wash and perform simple task. ( www. nia. nih. gov) The final stage of Alzheimer’s disease is the severe stage. People with severe Alzheimer’s disease spend most their time in bed, sleeping. Their body shuts down. ( www. nia. nih. gov) Treating Alzheimer’s disease Since Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a plaque buildup in the synapse that prevents the communication of neurons, one to another; researchers have found a way to allow these neurons to communicate despite this buildup. Donepezil is one such drug that has been released for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Another name for this drug is Aricept. What Aricept does is increases the memory’s capacity. ( Feldman, p. 229) There are other drugs being tested; but, right now the most popular treatment for Alzheimer’s disease is the use of Aricept. In the News Researchers of Banner Sun Health Research Institute have been studying the relationship that copper and cholesterol have to Alzheimer’s disease. They believe that dementia is caused by tangles and plaque in the brain. Copper has been implicated in the increased progression of Alzheimer’s disease in those who have the disease. Cholesterol, which is a major cause of plaque buildup in other parts of the body, therefore, it can be a contributing cause of plaque buildup in the brain. (redorbit. com) â€Å"In the BSHRI study, Sparks and his team performed a pilot study of long-term dietary cholesterol in four groups of rabbits. One group was administered normal food and water and three groups were administered increasing levels of a cholesterol diet for five months. Significantly, plasma levels of tau increased by 40 to 50 percent in each of the cholesterol-fed animal groups after five months of the experimental diet† (redorbit. com) In another research program being conducted by scientists through the USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Indiana University and Florida’s Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center; a certain protein: beta amyloid was singled out to be the cause of neurons malfunctioning that causes memory oss which is associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. (redorbit. com) â€Å"By identifying a brand new and extremely important target of the amyloid protein’s toxicity, we can develop drugs for Alzheimer’s disease that may protect the motors from inhibition and allow the brain to regenerate properly,† said principal investigator Huntington Potte r, PhD, a professor of Molecular Medicine who holds the Pfeiffer Endowed Chair for Alzheimer’s Disease Research. † (redorbit. com) Coping with Alzheimer’s disease â€Å"There are many ways to fight the adverse symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Below are some ways a person can cope with Alzheimer’s disease: †¢ Keep a notebook handy to record important numbers, appointments and dates. †¢ Use sticky note to help remember things of importance †¢ Keep important phone numbers next to telephone (in large print) †¢ Have a contact who will call to remind of meal times, appointments or other. †¢ Use a calendar to keep track of the day of week. †¢ Keep photos of important people around; have names of who these important people are somewhere on the picture. †¢ When going out always have another person to go along, to avoid getting lost. For Care Providers †¢ â€Å"Providing a healthy lifestyle is a must. Good nutrition, exercise and appropriate social interactions all help to develop a healthy environment for the Alzheimer’s patient. †¢ Have a planned daily routine .. so that Alzheimer’s patient can develop a sense of accomplishment and value. †¢ Choose proper tim es for activities. Many times night time is not a good time for Alzheimer’s patients. †¢ Encourage independence with the Alzheimer’s patient, let them do for themselves as much as possible. †¢ Speak slowly and calmly †¢ Make eye contact. Give simple instructions â€Å" (webmd. com) Conclusion Alzheimer’s disease is a widely spread disease that affects a great number of elderly people worldwide. While it is frequently associated with old age; it is not considered part of the aging process. Recent studies provided some hopeful ways to help stop the spread of Alzheimer’s disease, and also provided warnings of what can happen if a cure to Alzheimer’s disease is not found.. While a person may show many symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, only a medical doctor can confirm whether Alzheimer’s disease is present. Through various tests, doctors rule out other possible diseases before focusing on Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease has many stages and faces and the best approach is to arrest it while it’s in its early stages. Once Alzheimer’s settles in and brain cells start dying, the only thing left to do is to accommodate the limitations that come with the disease. Educating oneself about Alzheimer’s disease is a must for everyone. More than likely, every one of us will come face to face with it in one fashion or another. We will either be taking care of someone who has it; or, we will develop it ourselves. Alzheimer’s disease affects both the patient and those around him/her. Take time to become knowledgeable of this disease, id worth the effort. . References Alzheimer’s Disease: Special Tips for Maintaining a Normal life. Retrieved From. http://www. webmd. com/alzheimers/caregivers-09/memory-tips Coping With Alzheimer’s: Special Instructions for Care Providers. Retrieved From http://www. webmd. com/alzheimers/caregivers-09/caregivers-tips Feldman. R. F. (2008). Understanding Psychology. (8th Edition). NYC. New York. McGraw/Hill. National Institute On Aging. Care giver Guide. Retrieved from. http://www. nia. nih. gov/Alzheimers/Publications/caregiverguide. htm National Institute on Aging. Tips for Care Givers. Retrieved from. http://www. nia. nih. gov/nia. nih. gov Researchers Find Further Evidence Linking Alzheimer’s Disease to Copper and Cholesterol Retrieved from. http://www. redorbit. com/news/health/2046137/banner_sun_health_research_institute_res earchers_find_further_evidence_linking/index. html How to cite Alzheimer’s Disease – Essay 2, Essays

Concept Analysis free essay sample

Concept analysis is a form of research that allows a person to explore a theory/ concept to the fullest degree in an organized way. This concept analysis will take Walker amp; Avant’s steps to form a better understanding into pain. The steps include: selection on concept (pain), Aims or purposes, literature on the pain, concept uses, determine defining attributes, model cases, alternative cases, identify antecedents and consequences, and empirical referents. Aims or Purposes of Pain Analysis Patient occurs in every person in some form. An understanding of what pain is and how to treat and assess it will allow the patients and nurses to achieve a better outcome. With an understanding of the concept of pain and how it affects the care nurses give then the better the patients’ outcomes. Working on a surgical unit I am faced with pain daily and learning how to assess it allows me to understand each patient’s views of pain. I can be faced with two patients with the same surgery, but the pain scale totally different. â€Å"All pain is Real and Pain is what the patient says it is† (McCaffery, 2002). The Purpose of this analysis of pain is to take the Walker amp; Avant steps to unfold what pain is. Literature On Pain First one needs to define pain. Pain is as (a) the sensation which one feels when hurt (in body or mind); (b) suffering, distress, the opposite of pleasure; (c) in specifically physical and psychical senses: bodily suffering; mental suffering, trouble, grief, sorrow: (d) trouble as taken for the accomplishment of something difficult according to the Oxford English Dictionary (2013). Pain can breakdown into four theories: specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, and psychological/ behavioral theory. Specificity theory† proposed that injury activates specific pain receptors and fibres that, in turn, project pain impulses through a spinal pain pathway to a pain centre in the brain† (Melzach, 1996, p130). With the specificity theory many chronic back pain patient were diagnosis as psychologically disturbed not with pain. Out of the testing the specificity theory come the pattern theory which had multiple theories which mostly lead to the Gate control theory. One of the pattern theories looked at all ‘cutaneous qualities are produced by spatiotemporal patterns of the nerve impulses rather than by separate modality-specific transmission† (Melzach amp; Wall, 1965, p973). Next came the Gateway control theory. The Gateway Control theory is a stimulation of the skin evokes nerve impulses that are transmitted to three spinal cord: cells in the substantia gelatinosa, dorsal-column fibers, and central transmission cells (Melzach amp; Wall, 1965, p974). This theory explains how pain can increase to a person. If one of the three areas is triggered than the response aka pain increases. Finally we have the psychological/ behavioral theory. This theory looks at pain being a result of emotions, feelings, and mental behavioral no physical injury needed ( Turk amp; Okifuji, 2002). In this theory explains how pain can be expressed by feelings. There need not be injury, but looks at how someone thinking. Reviewing all the different literature, there is a clear point that I can make. It is that pain can be one or two: physical or psychological. The other subtopics of pain like environment, social get fix into one of the top two. I feel that pain is felt different in each patient, and their bodies have chemical to let them know. Possible use of Pain Concept There are different uses of the pain concept in the medical field. First pain is an everyday experiences that is expressed through the use of language and is then legitimized (Waddie, 1996). If a patient as a history of depression or chronic pain they have pain every day and the concept is used to help explain their pain. As nurse we use the concept of pain to find base line of the pain and to assess new pain. In surgical patients they may have multiple types of pain from the incision, emotional, and history. The concept educates the nurse of the different form that pain can present itself. Pain can also guide how we treat the patient. Emotional pain would not be treated with the â€Å"so know pain pills†, but with talking or listening to patient. Concept of pain a lso address the different form of patient and how the nurse and patient response to it. If a patient is having somatic pain from an incision the nurse could react by applying heat or ice. Pain is what the patient says it is. Defining Attributes Defining attributes is to list the characteristics that are associated with a concept. According to Walker amp; Avant, concept analysis needs to consist of more than one defining attribute: however determine the attributes that are appropriate for the purpose of exploration of the concept (1995). With this principle in place, the attributes of pain are: physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, and unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual. When looking at the first attribute of physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, studies show that patients with pain score three or less to function well in their recovery and have a better mood (McCaffery, 2002). In the second attribute, an unpleasant and distressful experience from a physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual, can relate to postoperative patients. Turn, cough and deep breathe causes both positive and negative pain to the patient. Post-surgical patients have positive pain when they are decrease postoperative complications like PE and pneumonia by turn, cough, and deep breathing. The negative side is that the patients increase their surgical pain may adding pressure to it (Al-Jurf, 1979). Model Cases Model cases need to include all for the attribute listed in the analysis of pain. An example could be a 35 years old women admitted with a bowel obstruction followed by a laparoscopic colon resection with ostomy placement. Patients reported no history of surgeries, no bowel history, no chronic pain, and no home medications. Patient follows no special diet. When admitted to the surgical unit she was sad, scared, and in increase pain. Physically the patient presented with tears in eyes, high blood pressure of 167/99, holding abdomen, and would not look at the nurse. As the nurse, I gave pain medication and explained that I would do as much as I could to help make her comfortable. See refused to look at me. Later that day, when taking care of the ostomy she turned away and told me â€Å"Now I am ugly and everyone with look at me like I am crazy†. As the nurse I ensure her no one will know unless she wanted them to. I showed her to dress cover up the ostomy. I also told her that the ostomy was just here for three months to give her bowels a time to heal and then she will be back to take it down. This story was able to show both attributes of pain. A first, physical and psychological response to the stimulus was the pain forms the incision and ostomy (physical) and psychological to the body change she faced with. Both are a form of pain. Next, in the second attribute, an unpleasant and distressful experience from a physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual, the ostomy care was painful physically in the fact that I had to give pain medication this was negative, but on the other hand the pain allow her to learn a new way to cover her ostomy so others would not know she had it (positive). In a study by Lawrentschuk, Pritchard, Hewitt, and Campbell, they researched the pain in two groups of patients: group one surgery patients with same size dressing and group two with double dressings (2003). The patients were asked pain level 12 and 24 hour post-surgery, pain dimension, pain intensity, and post-surgical analgesia (simple oral and Morphine). The results showed that patients described pain as physical pain and emotional stress. Most patient in the end marked that the pain was hard to handle, but got better each day. This study relates the two attributes of pain by the physical pain form the surgery and the psychology pain as the emotional stress. Plus the patient agreed that the pain they had was positive and negative because it hurt in the beginning but got better. Alternate cases When looking at pain I can think of children in regard to contrary cases of pain. In Cheng, Foster, and Huany concept analysis of pain, story of a child going to the clinic of hepatitis B shot. Next the mother later brought her back for a well visit and the child would not let the mother go â€Å"held her mother tightly with her eyes closed† (Cheng, Foster, amp; Huany, 2003, p25). The moment the nurse walked into room the child cried and wanted to go home. This was not pain but fear therefore it is contrary cases of pain. In borderline cases same critical attributes of the concept are present not all of them. In different cultures and ethnicity it is hard to assess pain and the concept of pain may be borderline. In Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor, and Katz, Articles talk about how different ethnic groups react to pain and how the nursing team needs to assess for pain. The study looked at Jewish and Bedouin women in labor. The Bedouin women would report to staff that pain was ok, but the staff evaluate physical signs of pain like tears, holding abdomens, and balling up in bed (Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor, and Katz, 1999). The Bedouin women showed some parts of the concept of pain by physical expression, but also not showing pain by saying that the pain was ok. Antecedent and Consequences When looking at the concept of pain one needs to evaluate the patient’s culture. Antecedents are the events or incidents that happen before the existing concept (Walker amp; Avant, 1995). One can take the study from Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor amp; Katz on the Bedouin women. In this culture the women are not to ask or request pain invention. It is part of their culture to handle what the body gives them. During labor the patient is in pain, but before they get there, there is already an understanding that pain is to be handle without medications or asking for help (Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor amp; Katz, 1999). According to Walker and Avant, consequences are events or incident that happen as result of the concept (1995). This can be seen in surgical patients. Before we patient goes to surgery we ask them what they think their pain should be on the scale 0-10. Pain is a reaction to an individual’s own interpretation of the meaning. If a patient states pain is a 5, a 5 may be interpreted different for another patient. A patient may state pain will be higher or just always give the same number for pain. The request for pain medications is consequence of the concept of pain. Empirical Referents Due to pain being different in each patient the best way to evaluate it is by patient’s own verbalization. There are different pain charts and scale made to make assessing patient pain easier. The nurse needs to know which tool is best for the patient. In â€Å"Teaching your patient to use a pain rating scale†, it is important to educate on how to use the scale and what you mean by pain (McCaffery , 2002). Pain is different in each patient, therefor the scale needs to be explained that pain is what the patient says it is. The McGill Pain Questionnaire is the most preferred tool. In some patients that are unable to give a number of pain, like children, confused, and behavioral reasons, an assessment of the nonverbal cues are used. Assess for crying, restlessness, and avoiding moving (McCaffery, 2002). Conclusion During the concept analysis steps I found that pain is not clear cut way to assess by patient’s pain. There is more involved in what pain is and how patients may represent pain. As a nurse working on the floor we forget that pain is indeed what the patient says it is not what we think it is. Pain can be explained as four different theories: specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, and psychological/ behavioral theory. Each theory as it’s only view and could fix to express a patient’s pain. Pain contains many different attributes in this paper I forced on the physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, and unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual. I learned that pain can represent itself in different ways; from an incision causing pain to emotional pain from a new ostomy. Model cases will represent the concept in all it’s glory. The model case will show all of the attribute present in the case. Next, there can be cases that may not have all or none of the attributes present. In borderline cases, there is a gray line between pain concept and not. There are some attributes but not all of them. In the contrary cases, none of the attributes are present. The end product is that pain is important to assess and to take notice of in all patients. Remember that pain is what the patient says it is. References Al-Jurf, A. (1979). Turn, Cough and Deep breathe. Surgery, Gynecology amp; Obstetrics. 149(6), p 887-888. Cheng, S. , Foster, R. amp; Huang, C. (2003). Concept Analysis of Pain. Tzu Chi Nursing Journal, 2(3), p20-30. Retrieved from http://www. docstoc. com/docs/94932886/Concept-Analysis-of-Pain. Sheiner, E. , Sheiner, E. , Shoham-Vardi, I, Mazor, M. , amp; Katz, M. (1999). Ethnic differences influence care giver’s estimates of pain during labour. Pain. 81(3), p299-305. Retrieved from http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0304395999000196. Lawrentschuk, N. , Pritchard, M. , Hewitt, P. , amp; Campbell, C. (2003). 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