Between A Rock And A Hard Place Seems To Be A Very...

Between a Rock and a Hard Place seems to be a very appropriate title for this HBO documentary whose executive producer and star is Dwayne â€Å"The Rock† Johnson. Young men with serious criminal charges and significant prison sentences are provided a second chance by participating in the Miami-Dade Corrections and Rehabilitation Department’s Boot Camp Program in place of serving their entire prison sentence. Dwayne Johnson greets 38 cadets starting the program, lectures them on their opportunity and asserts that he wants the world to see the importance of the program. Lastly, he tells them bluntly, not to â€Å"†¦f**k this up.† For most people it would appear that participating in this 16 week program would be easier compared to the alternative of†¦show more content†¦The program offers each of these benefits at different phases. The documentary presents each participant in a way that it is difficult not to find some way to relate and even care for them or their sense of purpose. Notably, the program appears thorough with its design to offer support systems and provides various means of addressing potential obstacles of a cadets’ success, such as lack of education, lack of support from family, anger management and substance abuse. Even so, a viewer cannot help but question some of the harsh treatments. For example, in the beginning you are introduced to two young men who struggle with understanding the English commands that a drill instructor is barking at them. Later within the documentary, these same cadets are taken aside and told they are expected to work harder to overcome the challenge of not understanding English. Towards the end one cadet ends up breaking down sobbing because he fails one of his critical tests towards graduation, due to the language barrier. Though there are classes to help the participants learn to prepare for a GED, there are no tools to help them learn English. It appears to be an unfair hardship for these two Spanish-sp eaking young men. Another concern regarding fair treatment, is though there are many who respectfully follow every command and satisfy everyShow MoreRelatedSounds of Silence: Gordon Hempton Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagesnature and nothing very important or specific. I think that this lack of visual interest in the B-roll really detracts from the video as a whole. Because there was nothing specific for me to focus my attention on, I was quickly bored with the clip. The clip begins with very rapid shots of morning and an industrial city. The clips are quickly flashed and then gone, not giving the viewer much time to register what they have seen, but they can understand what they have heard. It was hard to watch, but easyRead MoreThe Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe Standing Rock Sioux Tribe currently fights to save its only water source from natural gas and oil contamination. This troubling current event has a somewhat forgotten historical analogue where very similar themes presented themselves. The Kinzua Dam Controversy, which took place in the 1950’s and early 1960’s, resulted in the displacement of over 600 Seneca Indian families and the acquisition of a large tract of traditional Seneca Land for dam building. Additionally, the acquisition of SenecaRead MoreThe Problem Of School Violence886 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding stabbing, rape, or even fist fights (in which there was serious injury or de ath). Despite this unprecedented level of aggression among our nation’s youth, the nation, in its entirety, has not dedicated an appropriate amount of time and energy to coming up with a solution. The bulk of the hard work needed in order to create a safer atmosphere for our children has been left to our teachers. 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He works at the refinery and has been working there for more than a decade. He is considered the best chemical engineer of the refinery, even though he doesn’t always feel that his coworkers give him the right or appropriate amount of recognition, whichRead MoreAnalysis and Interpretation of Crickets1115 Words   |  5 Pages and Thieu was throwing rocks at the tanks driving through the streets of Saigon. Because of the situation in Vietnam, Thieu and his wife fled to the U.S. in hope of a better life. They ended up in Louisiana just like many other refugees from Vietnam. He works at the refinery and has been working there for more tha n a decade. He is considered the best chemical engineer of the refinery, even though he doesn’t always feel that his coworkers give him the right or appropriate amount of recognition, whichRead MorePassage And Literary Element : The Sound Of The Shell Essay2277 Words   |  10 PagesRobert, and Roger), setting (an island), and time (sometime during the morning or afternoon) are revealed. This gives the reader a sense of time and place that will help prevent confusion in future chapters. The identification of these features allows for the advancement of the plot line. 2) Fire on the Mountain â€Å"Fire on the Mountain† is an appropriate title for the second chapter because the group of boys start a signal fire on the top of the mountain. After a frenzied attempt by the hunters to rekindleRead MoreSocialization in the Films The Wildchild, The Pawnbroker, and Dr. Strangelove1302 Words   |  6 Pageswhen something is sad, disappointing, etc., how can one know when it is appropriate to cry and when it is not appropriate? How can one know what sadness or happiness is without experiencing it firsthand or seeing it? Tying in to what was said in the previous paragraph, one of the seven features of human cognition is the need for structure. As human beings, we cannot function when things are in utter chaos. It would be hard to say that Victor was not able to adequately function in the wild becauseRead MoreHard Rock Cafe Case Study5960 Words   |  24 PagesQ1.Identify the strategy changes that have taken place at Hard Rock Cafà © since its founding in 1971. The first Hard Rock Cafe opened its doors to the public on June 14, 1971, in London, England. Founded by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton, two enterprising and music-loving Americans, beginning with a guitar, it is only a joke among the friends at first, later on founder of the band - Cream and Derek the Dominoes sent a guitar of his here, and has booked a desk for a long time. From then on, the otherRead MoreHard Rock Cafe Case Study5950 Words   |  24 PagesQ1.Identify the strategy changes that have taken place at Hard Rock Cafà © since its founding in 1971. The first Hard Rock Cafe opened its doors to the public on June 14, 1971, in London, England. Founded by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton, two enterprising and music-loving Americans, beginning with a guitar, it is only a joke among the friends at first, later on founder of the band - Cream and Derek the Dominoes sent a guitar of his here, and has booked a desk for a long time. From then on, the

Alzheimer’s Disease †Essay 2 Free Essays

Alzheimer’s Disease Joy Pachowicz PSY 350 Professor Alina Sheppe Perez May 15, 201 Introduction Alzheimer’s disease, despite being so widespread, is not really considered part of the aging process. According to Robert Feldman, author of the textbook, â€Å"Understanding Psychology†, only 19% of people who are ages 75 to 84 suffer from this disease. It is only once they pass the age of 85, that the elderly need to be more concerned about the possibility of developing Alzheimer’s disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Alzheimer’s Disease – Essay 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( Feldman, p. 446) Fifty percent of all people over 85 years of age suffer from Alzheimer’s disease and researchers believe that if no cure for the disease is found by the year 2050; there will be 14 million people affected by this disease. (Feldman, p. 446) What is Alzheimer’s disease and how is it diagnosed? What are its symptoms and who are most likely to develop this disease? The purpose of this paper is to explore what Alzheimer’s disease is and offer some suggestions of how to approach it in the future. What is Alzheimer’s Disease? According to the Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, Alzheimer’s Disease is a â€Å"progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain’s nerve cells, or neurons, resulting in the loss of memory, thinking, language skills, and behavioral changes† (www. alzfdn. org) With Alzheimer’s disease, neuron cells are destroyed in the hippocampus, and this is what sparks the loss of short term memory; and as neuron cells die in the cerebral cortex, so too the functionality of language and clear thinking sees a marked decline in the person who has developed Alzheimer’s disease (www. lzfdn. org) With Alzheimer’s disease, there is diminished production of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is very much involved with our ability to memorize and retain information; so, if there is a decrease in Acetylcholine; our memory’s ability to function suffers greatly. (Feldman, p. 66) Symptoms of Alzheimerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Disease How does one know to even consult with a specialist or seek out one’s physician regarding Alzheimer’s disease? There are some telltale symptoms that set up red flags of warning. If you see any of these symptoms, please see a physician to determine if you have Alzheimer’s disease: 1. Memory Loss that disrupts Daily Life 2. Difficulties in planning events or solving problems 3. Difficulties performing familiar tasks or household work 4. Confusion with time or place. 5. Troubles interpreting visual images and spacial relationships 6. Problems with forming words or with communicating Losing items and not being able to remember what one recently did. 7. Failing and poor judgement 8. Withdrawal from work or social activities 9. Changes in Mood or Behavioral ( www. lz. org) Now just because you may have one or all these doesn’t necessarily mean you have Alzheimer’s disease. Time is very much a key element in acting on these symptoms. If these symptoms persist over a long period of time; then it’s time to have a professional evaluation of the symptoms. . Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease According to the Alzheimer’s Association , there are several steps to take when trying to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease. First, one must consult with his/her medical doctor. When going, it’s important to take a copy of one’s whole medical history. While at the consultation, one can be given a mental status test. Along with this test, a physical and neurological exam should be given. Blood tests should be taken to rule out other possible causes of memory loss. (www. alz. org) The specialists one could see to determine whether one is suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and not some other illness are: Psychologists, Neurologists and Psychiatrist. (www. alz. org) Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease As with other diseases, Alzheimer’s has varying stages it progresses through as it develops in the body and affects the brain. The first stage consists of the mere manifestation of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, which we have already listed: memory problems, difficulty forming words, forgetfulness etc. ( www. nia. nih. gov) The next stage would be what doctors would label the mild stage of Alzheimer’s disease. During this stage, cognitive abilities are more impaired. There are difficulties with handling money or paying bills. Repeating things over and over again begin to be notice. (www. nia. nih. gov) The mild stage gives way to the moderate stage of Alzheimer’s disease. New symptoms appear and older ones worsen. Memory continues to decline in this stage. In this stage it becomes more and more difficult to recognize family and friends. In the moderate stage of Alzheimer’s disease there are hallucinations and paranoia. It’s more difficult to get dressed, wash and perform simple task. ( www. nia. nih. gov) The final stage of Alzheimer’s disease is the severe stage. People with severe Alzheimer’s disease spend most their time in bed, sleeping. Their body shuts down. ( www. nia. nih. gov) Treating Alzheimer’s disease Since Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a plaque buildup in the synapse that prevents the communication of neurons, one to another; researchers have found a way to allow these neurons to communicate despite this buildup. Donepezil is one such drug that has been released for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Another name for this drug is Aricept. What Aricept does is increases the memory’s capacity. ( Feldman, p. 229) There are other drugs being tested; but, right now the most popular treatment for Alzheimer’s disease is the use of Aricept. In the News Researchers of Banner Sun Health Research Institute have been studying the relationship that copper and cholesterol have to Alzheimer’s disease. They believe that dementia is caused by tangles and plaque in the brain. Copper has been implicated in the increased progression of Alzheimer’s disease in those who have the disease. Cholesterol, which is a major cause of plaque buildup in other parts of the body, therefore, it can be a contributing cause of plaque buildup in the brain. (redorbit. com) â€Å"In the BSHRI study, Sparks and his team performed a pilot study of long-term dietary cholesterol in four groups of rabbits. One group was administered normal food and water and three groups were administered increasing levels of a cholesterol diet for five months. Significantly, plasma levels of tau increased by 40 to 50 percent in each of the cholesterol-fed animal groups after five months of the experimental diet† (redorbit. com) In another research program being conducted by scientists through the USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Indiana University and Florida’s Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center; a certain protein: beta amyloid was singled out to be the cause of neurons malfunctioning that causes memory oss which is associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. (redorbit. com) â€Å"By identifying a brand new and extremely important target of the amyloid protein’s toxicity, we can develop drugs for Alzheimer’s disease that may protect the motors from inhibition and allow the brain to regenerate properly,† said principal investigator Huntington Potte r, PhD, a professor of Molecular Medicine who holds the Pfeiffer Endowed Chair for Alzheimer’s Disease Research. † (redorbit. com) Coping with Alzheimer’s disease â€Å"There are many ways to fight the adverse symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Below are some ways a person can cope with Alzheimer’s disease: †¢ Keep a notebook handy to record important numbers, appointments and dates. †¢ Use sticky note to help remember things of importance †¢ Keep important phone numbers next to telephone (in large print) †¢ Have a contact who will call to remind of meal times, appointments or other. †¢ Use a calendar to keep track of the day of week. †¢ Keep photos of important people around; have names of who these important people are somewhere on the picture. †¢ When going out always have another person to go along, to avoid getting lost. For Care Providers †¢ â€Å"Providing a healthy lifestyle is a must. Good nutrition, exercise and appropriate social interactions all help to develop a healthy environment for the Alzheimer’s patient. †¢ Have a planned daily routine .. so that Alzheimer’s patient can develop a sense of accomplishment and value. †¢ Choose proper tim es for activities. Many times night time is not a good time for Alzheimer’s patients. †¢ Encourage independence with the Alzheimer’s patient, let them do for themselves as much as possible. †¢ Speak slowly and calmly †¢ Make eye contact. Give simple instructions â€Å" (webmd. com) Conclusion Alzheimer’s disease is a widely spread disease that affects a great number of elderly people worldwide. While it is frequently associated with old age; it is not considered part of the aging process. Recent studies provided some hopeful ways to help stop the spread of Alzheimer’s disease, and also provided warnings of what can happen if a cure to Alzheimer’s disease is not found.. While a person may show many symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, only a medical doctor can confirm whether Alzheimer’s disease is present. Through various tests, doctors rule out other possible diseases before focusing on Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease has many stages and faces and the best approach is to arrest it while it’s in its early stages. Once Alzheimer’s settles in and brain cells start dying, the only thing left to do is to accommodate the limitations that come with the disease. Educating oneself about Alzheimer’s disease is a must for everyone. More than likely, every one of us will come face to face with it in one fashion or another. We will either be taking care of someone who has it; or, we will develop it ourselves. Alzheimer’s disease affects both the patient and those around him/her. Take time to become knowledgeable of this disease, id worth the effort. . References Alzheimer’s Disease: Special Tips for Maintaining a Normal life. Retrieved From. http://www. webmd. com/alzheimers/caregivers-09/memory-tips Coping With Alzheimer’s: Special Instructions for Care Providers. Retrieved From http://www. webmd. com/alzheimers/caregivers-09/caregivers-tips Feldman. R. F. (2008). Understanding Psychology. (8th Edition). NYC. New York. McGraw/Hill. National Institute On Aging. Care giver Guide. Retrieved from. http://www. nia. nih. gov/Alzheimers/Publications/caregiverguide. htm National Institute on Aging. Tips for Care Givers. Retrieved from. http://www. nia. nih. gov/nia. nih. gov Researchers Find Further Evidence Linking Alzheimer’s Disease to Copper and Cholesterol Retrieved from. http://www. redorbit. com/news/health/2046137/banner_sun_health_research_institute_res earchers_find_further_evidence_linking/index. html How to cite Alzheimer’s Disease – Essay 2, Essays

Concept Analysis free essay sample

Concept analysis is a form of research that allows a person to explore a theory/ concept to the fullest degree in an organized way. This concept analysis will take Walker amp; Avant’s steps to form a better understanding into pain. The steps include: selection on concept (pain), Aims or purposes, literature on the pain, concept uses, determine defining attributes, model cases, alternative cases, identify antecedents and consequences, and empirical referents. Aims or Purposes of Pain Analysis Patient occurs in every person in some form. An understanding of what pain is and how to treat and assess it will allow the patients and nurses to achieve a better outcome. With an understanding of the concept of pain and how it affects the care nurses give then the better the patients’ outcomes. Working on a surgical unit I am faced with pain daily and learning how to assess it allows me to understand each patient’s views of pain. I can be faced with two patients with the same surgery, but the pain scale totally different. â€Å"All pain is Real and Pain is what the patient says it is† (McCaffery, 2002). The Purpose of this analysis of pain is to take the Walker amp; Avant steps to unfold what pain is. Literature On Pain First one needs to define pain. Pain is as (a) the sensation which one feels when hurt (in body or mind); (b) suffering, distress, the opposite of pleasure; (c) in specifically physical and psychical senses: bodily suffering; mental suffering, trouble, grief, sorrow: (d) trouble as taken for the accomplishment of something difficult according to the Oxford English Dictionary (2013). Pain can breakdown into four theories: specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, and psychological/ behavioral theory. Specificity theory† proposed that injury activates specific pain receptors and fibres that, in turn, project pain impulses through a spinal pain pathway to a pain centre in the brain† (Melzach, 1996, p130). With the specificity theory many chronic back pain patient were diagnosis as psychologically disturbed not with pain. Out of the testing the specificity theory come the pattern theory which had multiple theories which mostly lead to the Gate control theory. One of the pattern theories looked at all ‘cutaneous qualities are produced by spatiotemporal patterns of the nerve impulses rather than by separate modality-specific transmission† (Melzach amp; Wall, 1965, p973). Next came the Gateway control theory. The Gateway Control theory is a stimulation of the skin evokes nerve impulses that are transmitted to three spinal cord: cells in the substantia gelatinosa, dorsal-column fibers, and central transmission cells (Melzach amp; Wall, 1965, p974). This theory explains how pain can increase to a person. If one of the three areas is triggered than the response aka pain increases. Finally we have the psychological/ behavioral theory. This theory looks at pain being a result of emotions, feelings, and mental behavioral no physical injury needed ( Turk amp; Okifuji, 2002). In this theory explains how pain can be expressed by feelings. There need not be injury, but looks at how someone thinking. Reviewing all the different literature, there is a clear point that I can make. It is that pain can be one or two: physical or psychological. The other subtopics of pain like environment, social get fix into one of the top two. I feel that pain is felt different in each patient, and their bodies have chemical to let them know. Possible use of Pain Concept There are different uses of the pain concept in the medical field. First pain is an everyday experiences that is expressed through the use of language and is then legitimized (Waddie, 1996). If a patient as a history of depression or chronic pain they have pain every day and the concept is used to help explain their pain. As nurse we use the concept of pain to find base line of the pain and to assess new pain. In surgical patients they may have multiple types of pain from the incision, emotional, and history. The concept educates the nurse of the different form that pain can present itself. Pain can also guide how we treat the patient. Emotional pain would not be treated with the â€Å"so know pain pills†, but with talking or listening to patient. Concept of pain a lso address the different form of patient and how the nurse and patient response to it. If a patient is having somatic pain from an incision the nurse could react by applying heat or ice. Pain is what the patient says it is. Defining Attributes Defining attributes is to list the characteristics that are associated with a concept. According to Walker amp; Avant, concept analysis needs to consist of more than one defining attribute: however determine the attributes that are appropriate for the purpose of exploration of the concept (1995). With this principle in place, the attributes of pain are: physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, and unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual. When looking at the first attribute of physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, studies show that patients with pain score three or less to function well in their recovery and have a better mood (McCaffery, 2002). In the second attribute, an unpleasant and distressful experience from a physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual, can relate to postoperative patients. Turn, cough and deep breathe causes both positive and negative pain to the patient. Post-surgical patients have positive pain when they are decrease postoperative complications like PE and pneumonia by turn, cough, and deep breathing. The negative side is that the patients increase their surgical pain may adding pressure to it (Al-Jurf, 1979). Model Cases Model cases need to include all for the attribute listed in the analysis of pain. An example could be a 35 years old women admitted with a bowel obstruction followed by a laparoscopic colon resection with ostomy placement. Patients reported no history of surgeries, no bowel history, no chronic pain, and no home medications. Patient follows no special diet. When admitted to the surgical unit she was sad, scared, and in increase pain. Physically the patient presented with tears in eyes, high blood pressure of 167/99, holding abdomen, and would not look at the nurse. As the nurse, I gave pain medication and explained that I would do as much as I could to help make her comfortable. See refused to look at me. Later that day, when taking care of the ostomy she turned away and told me â€Å"Now I am ugly and everyone with look at me like I am crazy†. As the nurse I ensure her no one will know unless she wanted them to. I showed her to dress cover up the ostomy. I also told her that the ostomy was just here for three months to give her bowels a time to heal and then she will be back to take it down. This story was able to show both attributes of pain. A first, physical and psychological response to the stimulus was the pain forms the incision and ostomy (physical) and psychological to the body change she faced with. Both are a form of pain. Next, in the second attribute, an unpleasant and distressful experience from a physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual, the ostomy care was painful physically in the fact that I had to give pain medication this was negative, but on the other hand the pain allow her to learn a new way to cover her ostomy so others would not know she had it (positive). In a study by Lawrentschuk, Pritchard, Hewitt, and Campbell, they researched the pain in two groups of patients: group one surgery patients with same size dressing and group two with double dressings (2003). The patients were asked pain level 12 and 24 hour post-surgery, pain dimension, pain intensity, and post-surgical analgesia (simple oral and Morphine). The results showed that patients described pain as physical pain and emotional stress. Most patient in the end marked that the pain was hard to handle, but got better each day. This study relates the two attributes of pain by the physical pain form the surgery and the psychology pain as the emotional stress. Plus the patient agreed that the pain they had was positive and negative because it hurt in the beginning but got better. Alternate cases When looking at pain I can think of children in regard to contrary cases of pain. In Cheng, Foster, and Huany concept analysis of pain, story of a child going to the clinic of hepatitis B shot. Next the mother later brought her back for a well visit and the child would not let the mother go â€Å"held her mother tightly with her eyes closed† (Cheng, Foster, amp; Huany, 2003, p25). The moment the nurse walked into room the child cried and wanted to go home. This was not pain but fear therefore it is contrary cases of pain. In borderline cases same critical attributes of the concept are present not all of them. In different cultures and ethnicity it is hard to assess pain and the concept of pain may be borderline. In Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor, and Katz, Articles talk about how different ethnic groups react to pain and how the nursing team needs to assess for pain. The study looked at Jewish and Bedouin women in labor. The Bedouin women would report to staff that pain was ok, but the staff evaluate physical signs of pain like tears, holding abdomens, and balling up in bed (Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor, and Katz, 1999). The Bedouin women showed some parts of the concept of pain by physical expression, but also not showing pain by saying that the pain was ok. Antecedent and Consequences When looking at the concept of pain one needs to evaluate the patient’s culture. Antecedents are the events or incidents that happen before the existing concept (Walker amp; Avant, 1995). One can take the study from Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor amp; Katz on the Bedouin women. In this culture the women are not to ask or request pain invention. It is part of their culture to handle what the body gives them. During labor the patient is in pain, but before they get there, there is already an understanding that pain is to be handle without medications or asking for help (Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor amp; Katz, 1999). According to Walker and Avant, consequences are events or incident that happen as result of the concept (1995). This can be seen in surgical patients. Before we patient goes to surgery we ask them what they think their pain should be on the scale 0-10. Pain is a reaction to an individual’s own interpretation of the meaning. If a patient states pain is a 5, a 5 may be interpreted different for another patient. A patient may state pain will be higher or just always give the same number for pain. The request for pain medications is consequence of the concept of pain. Empirical Referents Due to pain being different in each patient the best way to evaluate it is by patient’s own verbalization. There are different pain charts and scale made to make assessing patient pain easier. The nurse needs to know which tool is best for the patient. In â€Å"Teaching your patient to use a pain rating scale†, it is important to educate on how to use the scale and what you mean by pain (McCaffery , 2002). Pain is different in each patient, therefor the scale needs to be explained that pain is what the patient says it is. The McGill Pain Questionnaire is the most preferred tool. In some patients that are unable to give a number of pain, like children, confused, and behavioral reasons, an assessment of the nonverbal cues are used. Assess for crying, restlessness, and avoiding moving (McCaffery, 2002). Conclusion During the concept analysis steps I found that pain is not clear cut way to assess by patient’s pain. There is more involved in what pain is and how patients may represent pain. As a nurse working on the floor we forget that pain is indeed what the patient says it is not what we think it is. Pain can be explained as four different theories: specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, and psychological/ behavioral theory. Each theory as it’s only view and could fix to express a patient’s pain. Pain contains many different attributes in this paper I forced on the physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, and unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual. I learned that pain can represent itself in different ways; from an incision causing pain to emotional pain from a new ostomy. Model cases will represent the concept in all it’s glory. The model case will show all of the attribute present in the case. Next, there can be cases that may not have all or none of the attributes present. In borderline cases, there is a gray line between pain concept and not. There are some attributes but not all of them. In the contrary cases, none of the attributes are present. The end product is that pain is important to assess and to take notice of in all patients. Remember that pain is what the patient says it is. References Al-Jurf, A. (1979). Turn, Cough and Deep breathe. Surgery, Gynecology amp; Obstetrics. 149(6), p 887-888. Cheng, S. , Foster, R. amp; Huang, C. (2003). Concept Analysis of Pain. Tzu Chi Nursing Journal, 2(3), p20-30. Retrieved from http://www. docstoc. com/docs/94932886/Concept-Analysis-of-Pain. Sheiner, E. , Sheiner, E. , Shoham-Vardi, I, Mazor, M. , amp; Katz, M. (1999). Ethnic differences influence care giver’s estimates of pain during labour. Pain. 81(3), p299-305. Retrieved from http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0304395999000196. Lawrentschuk, N. , Pritchard, M. , Hewitt, P. , amp; Campbell, C. (2003). Dressing Size and Pain : A Prospective Trail. ANZ Journal of Surgery. 73(4), p 217-219. McCaffery, M. (2002). Teaching your patient to use a pain rating scale. Nursing, 32(8). Melzach, R. (1996). Gate control theory: on the evolution of pain concepts. Journal of the American Pain Society. 5, p 128-138. Melzach, R. amp; Wall, P. (1965). Pain mechanism: A New Theory. Science, New Series. 50(3699), p 971-979. Oxford University Press. (2013). Pain. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved from http://oxforddictionaries. com/us/definition/american_english/pain? q=pain. Turk, D. amp; Okifuji, A. (2002). Psychological Factors in Chronic Pain: Evolution and Revolution. Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology. 70(3), p 678-690. Waddie, N. (1996). Pain, anxiety, and powerlessness. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 16, p 388-397. Walker, L, amp; A vant, K. (1995). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (3rd ed. ). Norwalk, Ct: Appleton amp; Lange.

The Ethical Issues in Financial Management

Financial managers play a dynamic role in an organization. As a matter of fact, the main duties of financial managers are to make decisions regarding investments and manage the financial portfolio. The decisions are not about which securities to hold but what business opportunities to pursue and finance (Van Horne Wachowicz 2).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Ethical Issues in Financial Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ethical issues in financial management fall into two main categories, which include ethical obligation or duties of financial managers of a corporation and ethical justification for organizing a corporation with shareholder’s control (Weaver Weston 13). The former category is based on the decisions made by financial managers in fulfilling the financial function of a corporation. It involves the fiduciary duties of the financial managers to a corporation and its shar eholders (Weaver Weston 13). The financial manager’s ethics is based on widely accepted codes of conduct (Weaver Weston 13). A financial manager must be trusted by the company’s stakeholders; he/she must conduct his/her duties with integrity and exercise fairness to all the stakeholders (Weaver Weston 13). A reputation of integrity enables a financial manager to attract other employees to believe in the company’s vision and work towards implementing the company’s objectives (Weaver Weston 13). Self interest by financial mangers usually leads to greed and selfishness. If this greed is left to dominate an individual’s thinking, it usually causes a disorder known as ‘accumulation-fever’. It, therefore, makes a financial manger start indulging in illegal deals at his/her work place so as to accumulate his/her own wealth. The focus of such a type of a financial manager shifts from the long-term company objectives to the short-term indiv idual objectives (Lynch 148). Financial managers are always supposed to be trusted by the company’s shareholders and their colleagues. Self interest that is a form of unethical behavior can create a great loss to a company (Lynch 148). Financial managers are always entitled to a salary package for the services they offer to a company, but the company does not allow them to use the company finances for their own selfish reasons (Lynch 148).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This form of behavior will cause a company to make huge loses or even collapse. It can also lead to loss of confidence in the company’s management by the junior employees (Lynch 148). Olympus, a world renowned Electronics Company, was reported to have engaged in a big financial statement fraud (Tabuchi 1). This report was published by New York Times newspaper on November 7, 2011 on page B1 . The paper indicated that the economic fraud committed by Olympus could be one of the biggest financial frauds of the past decade (Tabuchi 1). On November 8, 2011, Olympus management reported that more than one billion dollars payouts were utilized to finance mergers with other companies. The paper also reported that the company issued a statement which said that the money which had been alleged to have been paid for the mergers had in fact been utilized to mask heavy losses made since 1990 (Tabuchi 1). The investigative panel revealed that Olympus had made 687 million dollars in fees to pay an obscure financial adviser over its acquisition of ‘Gyrus’ in the year 2008 (Tabuchi 1). In fact, that amount of money was roughly a third of the two billion dollars acquisition price (Tabuchi 1). Works Cited Lynch, James. Banking and finance: managing the moral dimension, Cambridge: Gresham Books, 2004. Print. Tabuchi, Hiroko. â€Å"Olympus Hid Investing Losses in Big Merger Pa youts,† New York Times 7 Nov. 2011: 1. nytimes.com. Web. Van Horne, James C. and John Martin Wachowicz. Fundamentals of financial management. 13 ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2008. Print.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Ethical Issues in Financial Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Weaver, Samuel and Fred Weston. Strategic financial management: applications of corporate finance, Ohio: Mason Publishers, 2008. Print. This assessment on The Ethical Issues in Financial Management was written and submitted by user Esther Wilkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Robotics Industry

The Robotics Industry: Leading the Charge to a Productive 21st Century It’s helpful to understand how the industry has accepted the use of robotics across the decades, since the beginning to the present years. In the beginning of robotics (1950s – 70s) industry pioneers envisioned a day when robots would perform the dangerous jobs instead of people, but some industries remained unconvinced about the benefits of robotics. But in Japan the use of robots increased the quality of their products. During the boom of robotics (1980 – 1985) companies rushed in to buy robots, not only expected to solve problems in industry, but to cook, clean homes, and take care of people. By 1985 – 1987 the boom turned to a burst, with many robotics companies existing in the field as the huge market failed to materialize. The robot manufacturers were dependent from the automotive industry. In the rebirth (1987 – 1992) the electronics, food, pharmaceutical, appliance and aerospace industries started receiving more attention from robotics companies. There were advances in robot control technology, simulation and off-line programming. Costumers were demanding higher quality items at lower cost; manufacturers began focusing on technologies that could help them make products cheaper, faster, and better. It was time for the robotics industry. Looking at the future, we can see that even through the robotics industry is less dependent than ever before on the automotive industry, the automotive market still is the largest. Greater us of robots for assembly, paint systems, final trim, and parts transfer is forecast. Use of robots in the electronics industry should grow; the key factors of the expected growth are mass customization of electronic goods, miniaturization of electronics goods and their internal components. The food and beverage industry is n the midst of a capital spending boom in order to improve operating efficiencies. These industries are... Free Essays on Robotics Industry Free Essays on Robotics Industry The Robotics Industry: Leading the Charge to a Productive 21st Century It’s helpful to understand how the industry has accepted the use of robotics across the decades, since the beginning to the present years. In the beginning of robotics (1950s – 70s) industry pioneers envisioned a day when robots would perform the dangerous jobs instead of people, but some industries remained unconvinced about the benefits of robotics. But in Japan the use of robots increased the quality of their products. During the boom of robotics (1980 – 1985) companies rushed in to buy robots, not only expected to solve problems in industry, but to cook, clean homes, and take care of people. By 1985 – 1987 the boom turned to a burst, with many robotics companies existing in the field as the huge market failed to materialize. The robot manufacturers were dependent from the automotive industry. In the rebirth (1987 – 1992) the electronics, food, pharmaceutical, appliance and aerospace industries started receiving more attention from robotics companies. There were advances in robot control technology, simulation and off-line programming. Costumers were demanding higher quality items at lower cost; manufacturers began focusing on technologies that could help them make products cheaper, faster, and better. It was time for the robotics industry. Looking at the future, we can see that even through the robotics industry is less dependent than ever before on the automotive industry, the automotive market still is the largest. Greater us of robots for assembly, paint systems, final trim, and parts transfer is forecast. Use of robots in the electronics industry should grow; the key factors of the expected growth are mass customization of electronic goods, miniaturization of electronics goods and their internal components. The food and beverage industry is n the midst of a capital spending boom in order to improve operating efficiencies. These industries are...

Biography of Richard Hamilton, English Pop Art Pioneer

Biography of Richard Hamilton, English Pop Art Pioneer Richard William Hamilton (February 24, 1922 - September 13, 2011) was an English painter and collage artist best-known as the father of the Pop Art movement. He started the crucial elements that defined the style and laid the groundwork for future significant figures like Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol. Fast Facts: Richard Hamilton Occupation: Painter and collage artistBorn: February 24, 1922 in London, EnglandDied: September 13, 2011 in London, EnglandSpouses: Terry OReilly (died 1962), Rita DonaghChildren: Dominy and RodericSelected Works: Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing? (1956), Towards a definitive statement on the coming trends in menswear and accessories (1962), Swingeing London (1969)Notable Quote: Its not so easy to create a memorable image. Art is made through the sensibilities of an artist, and the kind of ambitions and intelligence, curiosity and inner direction that role requires. Early Life and Education Born into a working-class family in London, England, Richard Hamilton began attending evening art classes at age 12 and received encouragement to apply to the Royal Academy of the Arts. The academy accepted him into its programs at age 16, but he had to withdraw when the school shut down in 1940 due to World War II. Hamilton was too young to enlist in the military and spent the war years executing technical drawings. Richard Hamilton returned to the Royal Academy when it reopened in 1946. Soon the school expelled him for not profiting from the instruction and failing to follow regulations. After acceptance into the Slade School of Art in 1948, Hamilton studied painting with artist William Coldstream. Less than two years later, he exhibited his work at the Institute for Contemporary Arts in London. His new friendships with fellow artists allowed him to be present at the 1952 meeting of the Independent Group where Eduardo Paolozzi showed collages with images from American magazine advertisements. They inspired Richard Hamilton to explore what soon became known as Pop Art. Chris Morphet / Getty Images British Pop Art In the 1950s, Richard Hamilton began teaching art in various locations around London. In 1956, he helped define the This Is Tomorrow exhibit at the Whitechapel Gallery. Many consider the event the beginning of the British Pop Art movement. It included Hamiltons landmark piece Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing? Following the acclaim surrounding This Is Tomorrow, Hamilton accepted a teaching position at the Royal College of Art in London. David Hockney was among his students. In a 1957 letter, Hamilton stated that Pop art is: popular, transient, expendable, low-cost, mass-produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous, and Big Business. China Photos / Getty Images A personal tragedy took place in 1962 when Richard Hamiltons wife, Terry, died in a car accident. While mourning, he traveled to the U.S. and developed an interest in the work of conceptual art pioneer Marcel Duchamp. Hamilton met the legendary artist at a Pasadena retrospective, and they became friends. Art and Music In the 1960s, Richard Hamilton straddled the gap between pop music and contemporary art. Bryan Ferry, founder and lead vocalist of Roxy Music, was one of his dedicated students. Through his agent, Robert Fraser, Hamilton encountered other rock musicians like the Rolling Stones. A drug arrest of Fraser and Rolling Stones lead vocalist, Mick Jagger, is the subject of a series of 1969 Richard Hamilton prints titled Swingeing London. Hamilton also developed a friendship with Paul McCartney of The Beatles and designed the cover for the White Album in 1968. Swingeing London 67 (1969). Dan Kitwood / Getty Images Late in his career, Hamilton explored working with new technology. He used television and computers. After the BBC asked him to take part in a television series titled Painting With Light, he used Quantel Paintbox software to develop new works of art. It wasnt his first exploration of the interaction of modern technology and art. He used a stereophonic soundtrack and Polaroid camera demonstration as elements of his art lectures as early as 1959. Legacy Richard Hamilton is often credited as the father of Pop Art. His concepts and works influenced the movement in both the U.K. and the U.S. The piece Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing from 1956 is usually identified as the first true Pop Art piece. It is a collage using images cut out of American magazines. A contemporary muscleman and a female underwear model are perched in a modern living room surrounded by state-of-the-art technology and luxury items. The word Pop on a lollipop held by the muscleman like a tennis racket gave the title to the movement. Hamiltons first work of Pop Art also includes elements that predict major directions in the movement. A painting on the back wall showing comic book art anticipates Roy Lichtenstein. A canned ham points toward the consumer art of Andy Warhol, and the oversized lollipop is reminiscent of the sculptures of Claes Oldenburg. Sources Sylvester, David. Richard Hamilton. Distributed Art, 1991.

Systems Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Systems Project Management - Essay Example Moreover, the mode of data referencing seemed to be difficult and time consuming. Therefore, adoption and implementation of information systems in hospitals will automatically increase the efficiency and effectiveness of data interaction thereby increasing the quality of services offered in the hospital set up. Hospital information systems are massive, integrated system aimed at supporting hospitals’ comprehensive information requirements that include patient, ancillary, and financial management. It should be noted that hospitals have become extremely complex. Moreover, they have large units and departments that need to be administered from a central unit of management as a mean of coordinating care to patients (Velde, 1992; Pg. 342). Therefore, manual data management will be quite cumbersome especially due to the large departments and the ever growing number of patients in these institutions. Thus, the only sure way to help hospitals to become reliable and efficient is to adv ise them to adopt hospital information systems in their patients and data management. The use of information systems will help the hospital to diagnose, manage, and educate relevant stakeholders towards improving their services and practices (Winter and Haux, 2011, Pg. 21). Implementation of information systems in hospitals is inevitable since numerous dominating factors including people, organization, and technology are currently inseparable. Hospitals have currently integrated a series of functions and activities including: Consultation, Disease diagnosis, Providing treatment and treatment facilities, Patients and children immunization, Admission facilities including beds, nursing, and medicine among others. Hospitals also conduct other operational services that include: Recording patients’ information General billing Recording diagnostic information per patient Keeping immunization records per patient or per child Keeping records for various diseases and medicines for cura ble diseases All these activities and services are often done manually, for hospitals that have not adopted the use of information systems. The activity involved in recording such data is hectic in that each patient’s information is often recorded manually and some of the patient’s personal information includes name, age, and gender (Dudeck, 1997; Pg. 261). These information or data are usually stored afresh whenever the patient visits the hospital. Furthermore, bills that are generated from other units and hospital departments are recorded separately and provided to customer of separate bill sheets. At the end of it all, the same bills will be summed up differently and this will be a waste of time and writing resources. All these data often occupy space; therefore, they are usually destroyed after sometimes to provide space for other day data set. The quantity of data or file piles usually hinders doctors from referring to such files as the need may demand. The volume of the files will obviously discourage the doctors; thus, they will resort to gauze work and such actions may be injurious to the patients involved (Schmitz, 1979; Pg. 92). Therefore, the aim of this project is to eliminate of physical data collection, storage, and reference to improve management of both the patients and hospital management. Part one: Scope The scope of this project is to develop and install software that will automate management in

Ministere Public v Deserbais Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ministere Public v Deserbais - Essay Example The court’s ruling may lead to different interpretations of the judgment and it may raise more questions about the justice system. To avoid such conflicts after judgments, the courts ensure that they make judgments that can be backed up with factual scripts on the law. Cases that generate conflicts are normally those in which the land’s laws are not quite parallel to the provisions of the international laws. Whenever a nation signs an international treaty, the provisions of the treaty may directly affect the laws in the country. The policies of the treaty may dictate one thing while the land law calls for the direct opposite. It is also possible that the treaty may give provisions that are not allowed by the nation in question. There have been several cases that have fuelled heated debates in Europe over the past several decades. One of the most popular cases relating to such conflicts was the Case 286/86 Ministere Public v Deserbais [1988] ECR 4907. This paper will ana lyse the case between Ministere Public v Deserbais. Case analysis Gerard Deserbais was a director in a dairy products business that was playing in the German and French economies. Deserbais had registered his business under the name â€Å"Edam† in France. Edam was the name of the dairy products that the business man was importing to France from Germany. According to analysis done on the imported cheese from Germany, its fats content was 34.3%. Under the French legislation, the name â€Å"Edam† is restricted to cheese containing a minimum of 40% fats. According to the Stresa convention adopted in 1951, the dairy businessmen should only use specific names of their cheese if the cheese meets the required standards (Ministere Public v. Gerard Deserbais, 1988). Following the detection of Gerard Deserbais’ cunning business activities, the French authority arrested him and he was charged with the offence of using a restricted trade name without meeting the provisions o f the name in question. According to the French legislation, the Cheese was substandard and the business man had been swindling the public of the right to consumption of â€Å"Edam† cheese as provided by the name. The most controversial question was whether Deserbais was well acquainted with the provisions of the law in France or not, but in his defence, he suggested that he was well aware of the meaning of the trade name (Ministere Public v. Gerard Deserbais, 1988). The fact that he was ignorant about the French legislation made things worse for his defence. The court did not sympathise with him. Accusation Gerard Deserbais was accused of using a reserved trade name for his cheese in France. He was accused of criminal business activities on grounds that the name â€Å"Edam† was specifically reserved by the French law for cheese containing more than 40% fat. The French Legislation passed the law in 1951 and the trade name was specifically only used by traders whose pro ducts passed the test of the name’s requirements. Edam cheese was a dairy product that was very popular in Germany and it was 34% made of fats. This information about the content of the cheese was made known to the German public through a clear content list pinned to the cheese containers (Wolf, 1999). The basis of the accusations on Mr. Deserbais were controversial since the French legislation claimed that the use of the name was illegal for the substandard cheese products while in the EEC Treaty, which France was a member state, had an article that allowed the member states to import their products freely. Mr. Deserbais’s defence used Article 234 EEC as the backbone of their case.

International courts Essay Example for Free

International courts Essay Disputes are part of human existence. It is a normal occurrence. The earliest records one can find regarding quarrels between neighbors and the resolution of the same via third party intervention can be found in the Bible. Moses the old patriarch acted as an arbiter when two people could not resolve their issues. As civilizations developed, when Moses’ people were able to build more complex governments – the courts and the tribunals were also improved upon. In the modern times the system of settling disputes evolved into an art form. In America one has a very complicated way of resolving issues between two parties. It is already a great improvement from those used in the ancient world. Instead of a sole judge or king deciding over a case there is now a jury, a group of people who will work collectively as a whole and judge the matter so to speak. Now, all the previous discussion are all about settling disputes between two individuals or a group of people against a person and vice versa. This is also about a third party stepping in between two groups who could not settle their differences out of court. Finally, all the above are about the problems of individuals or groups of individuals that were addressed as citizens or as organizations within the bound of a political system or a geo-political nation. What if the disputes happened not between citizens within a country but a disagreement between two nations? Who will come in as a third party that will be reputable for each nation? This paper investigates the role of International Courts and the role it has to play in the ever increasing problem of global conflict. History According to Boris Kolba, international law and international courts is an old idea. He added that 17th century Dutch statesman Hugo Grotius, considered to be the â€Å"Father of International Law† argued, â€Å"†¦that all nations should follow one set of rules† (Kolba, p. 10). Those who were convinced on the practicality of Grotius’ ideas finally made decisive actions beginning in 1864 and Kolba wrote: In 1864, a group of nations met at Geneva, Switzerland, at the urging of Henri Dunant, one of the founders of the International Red Cross [†¦] It produced a set of rules for nations at war called the Geneva Convention [†¦] Only twelve nations signed the convention at first. Then in 1899 and 1907, delegates met at The Hague in the Netherlands [†¦] These conferences produced more rules, moving beyond war to cover how nations cold stay at peace. (p. 10) The United Nations. At the end of the Second World War, it was apparent that nations of the world must unite in dealing with international disputes so that it will not again result in a costly and devastating war. The first thing that was established was the United Nations and what followed suit is a more formal system of dealing with international problems. According to Mohamed Amr, to be a member of the UN automatically makes one a member of the International Court of Justice or ICJ. Referring to the Charter that established the UN, Sameh remarked that, â€Å"Article 92 of the Charter [†¦] reflects the constitutional position of the Court within the UN. It provides that the ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the UN [†¦] member states of the UN are ipso facto parties to the Court’s Statute† (p. 24). Simply put, if a country wants to enjoy the benefits and privileges as a UN member then that nation must also adhere to a basic condition as a member state and that is to honor the International Court of Justice. G. A. Knoops agrees with Amr and he said that the UN would establish international criminal tribunals as subsidiary judicial organs to fulfill its role as a guardian for international peace. Knoops added that: Clear examples of these enforcement measures are the establishment of international tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda [†¦] These tribunals have primacy over national courts (primary jurisdiction) concerning individuals suspected of perpetrating international crimes. The Security Council can compel UN member states to cooperate with the tribunals through use of its Chapter VII powers. (p. 7) Comparison Knoops made an interesting argument about the primacy of the UN’s International Court of Justice over that of national courts. It is therefore necessary in the study of International Courts to make a comparison to that of Civil Courts. Kolba provided the information as seen in the following: A Civil Court †¢ helps people settle their differences without fighting †¢ offers rules for people with disputes to follow †¢ takes time, giving people a chance to settle their arguments †¢ makes a decision that most people respect †¢ strengthens the rule of law The International Court of Justice †¢ helps nations settle their differences without going to war †¢ offers rules for nations with arguments to follow. †¢ takes time giving nations a chance to resolve their own disputes †¢ makes a decision that much of the world respects †¢ strengthens international law There is actually not much difference on how both systems work. The only difference is in terms of scale and instead of individuals what is being dealt here are relations between two countries. Moreover, if the disputes between two people could not be resolved amicably then the worst possible scenario could be personal vendetta that would probably result to violence. In case of disputes between two nations the catastrophic result could probably be a full-scale war. Kolba gave this riveting account on how an international incident can easily escalate into national disputes that could in turn lead to war. He wrote that in 1946, year after World War II, sea lanes were still unsafe for travel due to the numerous mines laid there by armies of the recently concluded global war: That year, four of Great Britain’s warship were sailing in the Corfu Channel off the coast of Albania [†¦] The warships struck at least one mine. The explosion badly damaged a ship, killing forty-five sailors and officers. Great Britain claimed Albania must have known the mines were there (and) blamed Albania for the damage and deaths. The unfriendly Albanian government said it was not responsible. (p . 4). The situation was tense. And the presence of British warships in the area added more tension to an already volatile atmosphere. Great Britain could have launched an attack, punishing Albania. Kolba however pointed out that in this case the rationale mind prevailed as the two nations saw the futility of war, â€Å"†¦the nations did not go to war. Instead, they went to court. Their dispute became the first case to be resolved by the International Court of Justice, the world’s most important international court† (p. 5).

Affluenza: To Buy or Not To Buy Essay -- essays research papers

Affluenza: To Buy or Not To Buy There is an epidemic widespread throughout the country. A highly contagious disease of being out of control; overconsumption, and the symptoms normally include compulsive shopping, high debt, overwork, a sense of entitlement, obsession with externals and "having it all," wastefulness, and stress. The disease is called affluenza, which is derived from the word â€Å"affluence,† meaning: abundant supply, wealth, and riches. Affluenza has been described as: â€Å" 1. The bloated, sluggish and unfulfilled feeling that results from efforts to keep up with the Joneses. 2. An epidemic of stress, overwork, waste and indebtedness caused by dogged pursuit of the American Dream. 3. An unsustainable addiction to economic growth.† It is a fact that â€Å"advertisers who promote and shape a consumer’s way of life seek to condition us to the idea that by trading our â€Å"life† for the money needed to buy their product, in hopes we can fulfill our hopes for power, happiness, acceptance, success, achievement, and personal worth.† Example the factory worker who dreams of winning the lottery and devotes a chunk of his weekly paycheck toward buying tickets. The secretary who spends her grocery money at a shoe sale nearly every week before paying the household bills. â€Å"What is Affluenza† a web site I read to better understand what Affluenza really meant, warns that â€Å"those of us who buy into the advertisers' messages find our time so consumed by jobs we don't even like, ...

Statistics, Risk factors and Prevention

Individuals who intentionally end their lives are committing suicide. Adolescence is the stage between childhood and adulthood where individuals tend to have more questions and confusions in life. The stage of development for adolescents is characterized by strong feelings of confusion, fear of uncertainty, self-doubt, stress and social pressures (Byrne, 2000).Adolescent suicide is committed by young people who experience problems and see death as the only way to be free. Adolescent suicide continues to be a serious problem in the society. It is the third leading cause of death for youth ages thirteen to nineteen (Byrne, 2000).Reasons for the Escalation of Suicidal RatesSuicide rates increased more than 200 percent since the 1980's. It is responsible for death among individuals ages 15 to 19. One cause of suicide can be attributed to depression and other emotional problems. Recent studies revealed that more than 20 percent of adolescents in the world are suffering from emotional prob lems.In addition, one-third of the adolescent population who are being treated in psychiatric clinics have been diagnosed with depression (Naik, 2002). Another reason why suicide rates have been escalating is presented in the study conducted by Krug and his associates.According to their research, a single adolescent suicide will affect at least six other people.   If it happens in a school or community, the impact is much greater (Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Zwi, Lozano, 2004). Suicide rates also continue to increase because of parents who neglect their children who are in this stage.Thus, lack of guidance and support from adults is also one of the contributing factors that lead to suicidal attempts by adolescents as they suffer from great confusion and anxiety brought by social pressures (Grossman, 2005).Nonetheless, suicide affects everyone. However, there are people who are at greater risk than others.   For instance, men are 4 times more likely than women to die through suicide, although there are three times more women than men who report that they attempted to commit suicide (Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Zwi, Lozano, 2004).It was also discovered in other studies the usual difference in the method used in committing suicide of boys and girls. While girls attempt to commit suicide by overdosing on drugs or cutting their wrist, boys resort to more lethal methods such as using firearms, jumping from heights or hanging their necks (Grossman, 2005).Signs and Symptoms of Adolescent SuicideSuicide may appear as a solution to adolescents' feeling of uncertainty brought by family divorce, the existence of new family member, higher expectations of parents and their quest for self identification. The complexity of adolescent suicide should be the concern of every parent and adult.Hence, early detection of signs of suicidal tendency is very important. The adolescent who are contemplating on committing suicide usually show the following symptoms:changes in [their] eating and sleeping habits, withdrawal from usual activities and from friends and peer groups, certain violent actions and reactions, rebellious behavior, neglect of [their] appearance, marked changes in [their] personality, boredom and declining school performance (McIntire,Angle,Wikoff, Schlicht,1977).These signs are associated with physical symptoms related to emotions and physical concerns like â€Å"headaches, stomach aches, loss of interest in work and activities and intolerance to praises and rewards†(McIntire,Angle,Wikoff, Schlicht,1977).The warning signs of suicide can also manifest after a stressful event in an adolescent’s life such as break up with a loved one, death of an immediate family member, school failure, and intense family conflict (Hayes, 2000).Suicidal tendencies come in many forms. There are those who seek attention by giving verbal hints such as â€Å"I will no longer be a problem in your family and you won’t see me again†(Dumont, 1999,p. 2 8).Another example of a suicide attempt is by giving away most of his treasured possessions, while there are those who show sudden extreme cheerfulness after a long period of depressive moods. Others will have bizarre thoughts and will inform the adults and parents that they wish to end their lives. It is a reality that most people are not comfortable talking about death.When the different signs and symptoms of suicidal attempts are present, these should not be ignored. Learning the early warning signs and symptoms of suicides of adolescents can be of great help to prevent it.Risk factors of Adolescent SuicideRisk factors for adolescent suicide include the following: â€Å"history of suicidal attempts, depression, alcohol or drug abuse, mental disorder, stressful situations and exposure to peers who committed suicide. Sexual abuse and lack of communication with parents are also major factors in adolescent suicide.Adolescents who have a history of suicidal attempts is one of the fac tors that increase the likelihood of committing suicide. Adolescents who have committed suicide previously are in dangerous of doing it again to end their suffering (McIntire,Angle,Wikoff, Schlicht,1977).Drugs and alcohol are also contributing factors that lead to suicide of adolescents. Some adolescents try to drown themselves in alcohol or take drugs to relieve themselves of depression without knowing that some of these components are depressants and will result to self-injurious behavior (Frances, Franklin, Flavin, 1987).Some adolescents can only express their resentments when they are drunk and it is the only time that they are eased from the pains and disappointment in life.Other factors that increase the risk of suicide among adolescents are prevailing psychological disorder like depressive-manic personality, bipolar disorder, and feeling of distress, hopelessness and worthlessness. One good example of adolescent’s depression is the repeated failure at school and the ov erwhelming constant fighting of parents at home which isolate him/her from his/her peers (Wallenstein, 2000).Depression among youth can also be traced from his genetic component, sufferings from physical or sexual abuse, lack of family and network support and hostile school and community environment (Wallenstein, 2000).In addition, studies also show that girls, who are more emotional than boys, are greatly affected by friendships and would more likely develop suicidal tendencies due to depression brought by failed relationships (Wallenstein, 2000).The exposure of adolescents to other adolescents who died of suicide is also a risk factor. They are more likely to kill themselves based on recent suicide event which they read, heard or witnessed (Hayes, 2000).Finally, accessibility to tools that can be used to commit suicide, such as firearms for boys and pills for girls, is one of the risk factors of adolescent suicide. The suicidal tendencies can dramatically increase when adolescents discover or learn that there are firearms at home.Any firearms confined at home should be stored and locked in a secluded area where adolescents can’t reach (Grossman, 2005).Preventing Adolescent SuicideThe adolescent who is unbearably unhappy that he would commit suicide is very painful for parents and adults to understand. The parents cannot afford that their child would commit suicide. If only they could do something to prevent the act ahead of time, they will not bear feelings of grief, guilt and confusion (Wallenstein, 2000).Thus, it is important that everyone has awareness on the risk of suicide and its tragic aftermath. A primary prevention may prevent further suicides in adolescence.The depression and suicidal feelings can be prevented and treated if the parents, adults and other people around him will be able to recognize their resentment. Learning to watch and listen to adolescents who seem depressed due to low school grade performance or a fight with his close fri end should be seriously taken into consideration (Greenberg, 2001).   Parents and adults need to fully understand the adolescent's pressure on his academic performance and why there is a need to act responsibly. It is necessary for parents to realize that aside from their expectations for their child to excel in their academics, adolescence is the stage where parents have to anticipate for the awakening of their child’s sexual feelings, the search for self-identity, and the need for independence (Dumont, 1999).It is of great significance that parents ask their child if he or she is suffering and experiencing problem in school and at home. It is also crucial for adolescents to feel that there are people who care for them. These people need to reassure the young ones that they are willing to listen and talk about their problems (Greenberg, 2001).Thus, keeping an open line of communication is very important to let the adolescent feel that someone is there to care and concerns on his current situation. Adults and parents’ openness and honest communication with adolescents can help suicide attempt.There are circumstances when adolescents do not feel comfortable expressing their dilemma to immediate family members. Hence, a person that will not judge them for their faults such as a relative, religious leader, coach, or school guidance counselor can be a confidante in the place of their parents (Greenberg, 2001).There are helpful strategies to avoid adolescent suicides. One is to talk the act to kill him or her in an open manner. Another is to increase the adolescent’s awareness that there are accessible hotline telephone numbers in terms of crisis.Acting as youth role models and by using television, films and other media as point of discussion for effective ways of dealing with depression are also useful ways to prevent suicidal tendencies It will also be of great help if adolescents will have a chance to share their problems with their friend s or other people their age who can give beneficial advice and support (Wallenstein, 2000).Different ways of helping the adolescent is available from a number of sources like parents themselves, school councilors, teachers, family doctors, clergy men, psychotherapist, mental health care, and social agency. Adolescents with adequate support from parents, peer groups, network of friends, religious affiliations and other extracurricular activities will have an outlet in dealing with day-to-day frustrations and stress.Most of them will not realize the presence of these people and the feeling of isolation from friend and family and will increased their possibility of committing suicide. Medicines and therapy are also means to aid the adolescents disregard suicidal thoughts brought by substance abuse and mental illness (Dumont, 1999)..The greater time provided to adolescents, the better the parents and adults will understand their children’s current experiences (Wallenstein, 2000). Adolescents usually want to feel their parents’ care by being disciplined, but they also want respect and dignity in the process. The emotional bond between parents and adolescents need not be damaged by miscommunication (Dumont, 1999).The devastating effects of emotional trauma of attempting to commit suicide by adolescents should be addressed immediately. The immediate action to take is to close the gap between the adolescent's limited ability to understand the pros and cons of suicide act and the reality of it.While confused, the adolescent needs to be surrounded with support, comfort and love. The establishment of trust among adolescents during critical stage of their life will prevent their attempt for suicide.A suicide attempt is a cry for help by adolescents to help them ease the pain of emotional scars. Adolescent suicide is a complex stage that has a direct impact not only on the victim itself but for the family and entire society and knowing the risks, signs and sy mptoms and preventions could prevent further suicides.Reference:Dumont, M. (1999). Resilience in Adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem and social activities on experience of stress and depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28, 343-363.Byrne, M. (2000). Evaluation of a conflict resolution and problem-solving programme to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   enhance adolescents’ self-concept. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 28,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   101-113.Blanchard, K. (2000). Great ideas, training and development. University of Minnesota, 24-

To What Extent Should We Place Trust in the Government These Days?

To what extent should we place trust in the government these days? It is said by American President Barack Obama, †If the people cannot trust their government to do the job for which it exists – to protect them and to promote their common welfare – all else is lost. † From here, we know the importance of people putting trust in their government. However, we can only place trust in them if they are able to take care of their citizens, fulfilling their needs and acting responsibly in the best interest of the citizens.Recently, there seem to be an increase in reasons for us to distrust our government for they are fulfilling less of their duties as the leaders of the nation. Firstly, we should remain skeptical about the government due to the simple fact that the government comprises of humans, and as we all know, no human is perfect. As Gandhi said, †Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed. † With scientific rese arch stating that the humans are born to be greedy, the innate greed in the government officials might be a dangerous trait.Government Regulation on Media in AmericaFor the government, their greed would result in various forms of corruption such as bribery and extortion, negatively impacting the lives of the citizens. For example in sub-Saharan African nations, about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors. Instead they were lavished to support the costly high-end lives of the government officials. This problem is not only limited to the developing countries. World wide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually.Due to the innate greed in human nature, it is evident that many times, the government will not do what is best for the people. Instead, they would think of themselves first, thus we should not place our complete trust in the government. Secondly, governments are no longer taking care o f the needs of the citizens as well as they did. There are basic needs that one should be entitled to, needs such as education and healthcare, and the government should ensure that its citizens get those needs. However, these days many countries are unable to fulfill their citizens' needs.In countries such as Greece, level of healthcare accessible to the public has also been on the decrease due to the recent economic crisis. Five austerity programmes within the space of two and a half years have reduced the health system in Greece to the level of a developing country and stripped working people of the basic right to adequate medical care. Most hospitals lack essential basic materials such as disposable gloves, plaster and catheters. Poorer women have to give birth at home because they cannot afford a hospital birth, which can cost â‚ ¬700-â‚ ¬1,500.On top of that, control of infectious diseases is no longer guaranteed due to the lower standards of hygiene throughout Greece. Ch ronic respiratory diseases, skin diseases and tuberculosis are all on the increase. Outbreaks of malaria infections have been reported in five parts of the country, although the disease had been thought be eradicated in 1974. It can be seen that the government do not have the ability to ensure the basic wellbeing of their citizens thus we should place less trust in the government these days.Thirdly, in many countries, governments are restricting many of the basic rights of people. These rights belong without presumption or cost of privilege to all human beings. However, in many countries, in the excuse to protect national security, the government often stripped the citizens of those rights. Under these kind of circumstances, it is of no surprise why the citizens might not trust the government. For example, in China, the freedom of speech in media and press is largely limited.They have strict censorship rules that include all capable of reaching a wide audience including television, print media, Internet, text messaging and even video games. These rules will greatly limit the ability for press to act as the 4th estate in the country and their ability to keep the government in check. After the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, many people who tried to report on the shabby construction of schools faced severed punishment. Liu Shaokun, a Sichuan school teacher, was detained for disseminating rumors and destroying social order after taking photos of collapsed school buildings, and putting them online.With these kind of censorship rules in placed, the citizens would no longer have the faith and confidence in their government as they are denied of the truth of the happenings in their country. Thus, less trust are placed in the government these days. However, there are some people who feel that there has been an increase in trust in the government. 2012 Edelman Trust Barometer conducted by Edelman Public Relations has revealed that Singaporeans are the third most trusting of t heir government. They account this to the strong economy, high social security and high standard of living in Singapore.Despite those statistics, the new generation of Singaporeans are placing less and less trust in the government. The parliament of Singapore was traditionally dominated by People's Action Party and the decrease in trust in the leading party was seen when Worker's Party, an opposition party, won it's first Group Representation Constituency in the 2011 general elections. The recent political scandals in Singapore have shaken the trust placed in the government too. Just a month ago, member of parliament, Michael Palmer, announced his resignation after confessing he had an extramarital affair with a community worker.This caused various debates among the citizens that questions the credibility of the parliament speakers. These debates further illustrates the declining trust placed in the government. In conclusion, I feel that people around the world are beginning to lose trust in the government. They no longer feel that the government is able to act to their best interest and that their needs are not fulfilled. They are beginning to be unsure of their government's choices and question the transparency of their leaders. Thus, I do not think that we should trust our government to a large extent. To What Extent Should We Place Trust in the Government These Days? To what extent should we place trust in the government these days? It is said by American President Barack Obama, †If the people cannot trust their government to do the job for which it exists – to protect them and to promote their common welfare – all else is lost. † From here, we know the importance of people putting trust in their government. However, we can only place trust in them if they are able to take care of their citizens, fulfilling their needs and acting responsibly in the best interest of the citizens.Recently, there seem to be an increase in reasons for us to distrust our government for they are fulfilling less of their duties as the leaders of the nation. Firstly, we should remain skeptical about the government due to the simple fact that the government comprises of humans, and as we all know, no human is perfect. As Gandhi said, †Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed. † With scientific rese arch stating that the humans are born to be greedy, the innate greed in the government officials might be a dangerous trait.Government Regulation on Media in AmericaFor the government, their greed would result in various forms of corruption such as bribery and extortion, negatively impacting the lives of the citizens. For example in sub-Saharan African nations, about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors. Instead they were lavished to support the costly high-end lives of the government officials. This problem is not only limited to the developing countries. World wide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually.Due to the innate greed in human nature, it is evident that many times, the government will not do what is best for the people. Instead, they would think of themselves first, thus we should not place our complete trust in the government. Secondly, governments are no longer taking care o f the needs of the citizens as well as they did. There are basic needs that one should be entitled to, needs such as education and healthcare, and the government should ensure that its citizens get those needs. However, these days many countries are unable to fulfill their citizens' needs.In countries such as Greece, level of healthcare accessible to the public has also been on the decrease due to the recent economic crisis. Five austerity programmes within the space of two and a half years have reduced the health system in Greece to the level of a developing country and stripped working people of the basic right to adequate medical care. Most hospitals lack essential basic materials such as disposable gloves, plaster and catheters. Poorer women have to give birth at home because they cannot afford a hospital birth, which can cost â‚ ¬700-â‚ ¬1,500.On top of that, control of infectious diseases is no longer guaranteed due to the lower standards of hygiene throughout Greece. Ch ronic respiratory diseases, skin diseases and tuberculosis are all on the increase. Outbreaks of malaria infections have been reported in five parts of the country, although the disease had been thought be eradicated in 1974. It can be seen that the government do not have the ability to ensure the basic wellbeing of their citizens thus we should place less trust in the government these days.Thirdly, in many countries, governments are restricting many of the basic rights of people. These rights belong without presumption or cost of privilege to all human beings. However, in many countries, in the excuse to protect national security, the government often stripped the citizens of those rights. Under these kind of circumstances, it is of no surprise why the citizens might not trust the government. For example, in China, the freedom of speech in media and press is largely limited.They have strict censorship rules that include all capable of reaching a wide audience including television, print media, Internet, text messaging and even video games. These rules will greatly limit the ability for press to act as the 4th estate in the country and their ability to keep the government in check. After the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, many people who tried to report on the shabby construction of schools faced severed punishment. Liu Shaokun, a Sichuan school teacher, was detained for disseminating rumors and destroying social order after taking photos of collapsed school buildings, and putting them online.With these kind of censorship rules in placed, the citizens would no longer have the faith and confidence in their government as they are denied of the truth of the happenings in their country. Thus, less trust are placed in the government these days. However, there are some people who feel that there has been an increase in trust in the government. 2012 Edelman Trust Barometer conducted by Edelman Public Relations has revealed that Singaporeans are the third most trusting of t heir government. They account this to the strong economy, high social security and high standard of living in Singapore.Despite those statistics, the new generation of Singaporeans are placing less and less trust in the government. The parliament of Singapore was traditionally dominated by People's Action Party and the decrease in trust in the leading party was seen when Worker's Party, an opposition party, won it's first Group Representation Constituency in the 2011 general elections. The recent political scandals in Singapore have shaken the trust placed in the government too. Just a month ago, member of parliament, Michael Palmer, announced his resignation after confessing he had an extramarital affair with a community worker.This caused various debates among the citizens that questions the credibility of the parliament speakers. These debates further illustrates the declining trust placed in the government. In conclusion, I feel that people around the world are beginning to lose trust in the government. They no longer feel that the government is able to act to their best interest and that their needs are not fulfilled. They are beginning to be unsure of their government's choices and question the transparency of their leaders. Thus, I do not think that we should trust our government to a large extent.

20 Analysis Essay Topics What to Include in a Paper about Native American Literature

20 Analysis Essay Topics What to Include in a Paper about Native American Literature Literary analysis assignments are designed to give you an in-depth view of a piece of writing and its writer’s motivation. Some instructors will give you specific aspects which you need to focus on. However, if you have carte blanche, examine the literary elements of the text, formulate your central thesis, and then prove your idea by providing arguments/evidence from the text. If your assignment involves studying Native American literature from a critical and analytic perspective, any of these topics will serve your purpose. Some of these are quite specific, so you can simply choose one, look up the appropriate sources listed at the end of this page, and get started. There are also some general topics in the following list. You can use these as a guide to think up your own specific topic. The Moral Lessons in Traditional Native American Trickster Tales How the Hero Archetypes of Oral Myths and Legends Have Shaped Native American Identity and Culture A Comparative Analysis of the Traditional Myths of the Wintu and Zuni Tribes The Symbolism of Spiritual Beings in Ojibway Legends Common Elements of Native American Creation Myths Alienation and Estrangement as Prevalent Themes in Contemporary Native American Literature An Exploration of the Major Themes in The Birchbark Series by Louise Erdrich Representations of Childhood in Traditional Native American Literature Folktales as Reflections of Ancient Native American Ethics Feminism in Contemporary Native American Literature The Challenges of Translating Traditional Native American Oral Story Performances for Modern Audiences Identity and Transition in John Rollin Ridge’s â€Å"The Life and Adventures of Joaquà ­n Murieta: The Celebrated California Bandit† Elements of Christianity in Native American Writings What a Man is and What He Says: An Analysis of N. Scott Momaday’s â€Å"The Man Made of Words† The Connection Between Tribal Literature and Current Societal Concerns of Native American People Thought Woman:The Concept of a Female Creator in Native American Literature Metaphysics and Symbolism in Leslie Marmon Silkos Novel ‘Ceremony’ Eco-Criticism: Lessons from Native American Literature Mythic Realism: A Unique Aspect of Traditional Native American Myths and Folktales The Notion of Time in Native American Narratives These topics will help you write a piece your instructor will enjoy reading. If you want to come up with your own topic, be sure to check out our 14 facts on Native American literature for a literary analysis. Each of these facts can be transformed into a topic. They also come with references to source material which you can use to quickly finish your essay. If you do not know yet how to come up with a Native American literary analysis, you can use our guide on how to write a literary analysis on Native American literature as well as the following essay example for guidance. Sample Literary Analysis on Leslie Marmon Silkos Ceremony Native American cultures have a rich history of oral traditions which include myths, legends, folktales, chants, songs, and prayers. Stories are used to pass on knowledge and moral lessons. Since oral stories had to be memorized, they often included rhythmic and repetitive elements. ‘Ceremony’ has received critical acclaim as it was the first novel ever published in the US by a female Native American writer. As such, it occupies a prominent place amongst contemporary Native American literary works. The Native American art of storytelling is a major theme in Silko’s novel â€Å"Ceremony†. The central plot focuses on the Native American struggle of trying to reconcile one’s identity with an external world that either distances itself from a person or threatens to swallow them whole. Storytelling is used in the novel as a way of reconnecting with one’s own cultural roots. Silko’s novel deals with this complex struggle in a touching way. In â€Å"Ceremony†, traditional Pueblo stories are told in the form of poetry. These poems occupy an important place in the structure of the book. They are found both at the beginning and end of the book, and are also interspersed throughout the narrative because they serve as mileposts for what themes the plot will take on in later chapters. Now storytelling in Native American culture is a way of strengthening communal bonds. The stories in â€Å"Ceremony† are used to make the protagonist realize that he is not alone in his struggles. As he re-enacts the stories, his perspective widens and he learns to let go of past traumas. Through the stories he discovers and readers skim through, he learns to reconnect with himself, his community and nature itself. The elements of traditional tales show the closeness of human beings and nature. Native American religion and philosophy holds that nature and human beings are a continuum. In Western minds, the word nature conjures up an external, disconnected concept. From a Native American perspective, this disconnect does not exist. The content of the stories that the protagonist is exposed to is also important. The stories feature traditional archetypes of heroes, struggle, and rekindling of hope. This is crucial in helping him come to the enlightening and freeing realization that he is not the only one who has faced immense struggles. Others have faced worse and have survived because of their will. The central character uses storytelling to renew his faith in the old traditions. He realizes that even after destruction, the human spirit remains strong and looks with hope to a chance of renewal. Ancient traditions help the protagonist come to terms with his present crisis of identity. The novel makes brilliant use of Native American myths and presents us with a captivating story about the importance of storytelling. The final message of the novel is delivered in a powerful manner when the protagonist learns the value of preserving traditions and bravery in the face of challenges. You will definitely come up with a better essay for sure. So, give it your all and make sure that you do not start working on your assignment late next time. References: Tales of the North American Indians. (2016). Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016, from sacred-texts.com/nam/tnai/ Thompson, S. (1966). Tales of the North American Indians. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Minderhout, D. Native Americans in the Susquehanna River Valley, past and present. Ballinger, F. (2004). Living sideways. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Thompson, S. (1966). Tales of the North American Indians. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Legends And Stories. (2016). Manataka.org. Retrieved 17 March 2016, from manataka.org/legends.htmlLaPena, Frank R. 1978. Wintu, in California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 324–340.Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Johnston, Basil. Tales the elders told : Ojibway legends. Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto: 1981) Johnston, Basil. Ojibway heritage. Columbia University Press (New York: 1976) Johnston, Basil. Ojibway ceremonies. McClelland and Stewart (Toronto: 1987) Exploring U.S. History | native american creation stories. (2016). Chnm.gmu.edu. Retrieved 17 March 2016, from http://chnm.gmu.edu/exploring/pre_18thcentury/creationstories/pop_sioux.html

Phrases to Use to Confirm Information

Phrases to Use to Confirm Information There are certain times in our lives that we need to make sure we understand everything. That’s when clarifying information becomes important. If we want to double-check, we can ask for clarification. If we want to make sure that someone has understood, you can request confirmation that someone has received the message. This type of clarification is especially useful in business meetings, but also in everyday events like taking directions over the telephone or checking an address and telephone number. Use these phrases to clarify and check information.   Phrases and Structures Used to Clarify and Check that You Understand Question Tags Question tags are used when you are sure you have understood but would like to double check. Use the opposite form of the helping verb of the original sentence at the end of the sentence to check. S Tense (positive or negative) Objects , Opposite Auxiliary Verb S You’re going to attend the meeting next week, aren’t you?They don’t sell computers, do they?Tom hasn’t arrived yet, has he? Phrases Used to Rephrase to Double Check Use these phrases to indicate that you would like to rephrase what someone has said in order to make sure you have understood something correctly. Can I rephrase what you said/have/said?So, you mean/think/believe that ...Let me see if I’ve understood you correctly. You ... Can I rephrase what you mean? You feel it’s important to enter the market now.Let me see if I’ve understood you correctly. You would like to hire a marketing consultant. Phrases Used to Ask for Clarification Could you repeat that?I’m afraid I don’t understand.Could you say that again? Could you repeat that? I think I may have misunderstood you.I’m afraid I don’t understand how you plan to implement this plan. Phrases Used to Make Sure Others have Understood You It’s common to ask for clarifying questions after you presented information that might be new to those listening. Use these phrases to make sure everyone has understood. Are we all on the same page?Have I made everything clear?Are there any (more, further) questions? Are we all on the same page? I’d be happy to clarify anything that’s not clear.Are there any further questions? Let’s take a look at a few examples to help clarify. Phrases Use these phrases to repeat information to make sure everyone has understood. Let me repeat that.Let’s go through that again.If you don’t mind, I’d like to go over this again. Let me repeat that. We’d like to find new partners for our business.Let’s go through that again. First, I take a left at Stevens St. and then a right at 15th Ave. Is that correct? Example Situations Example 1 - At a Meeting Frank: ... to end this conversation, let me repeat that we don’t expect everything to happen at once. Are we all on the same page?Marcia: Can I rephrase just a bit to make sure I’ve understood? Frank: Certainly.Marcia: As I understood, we’re going to open up three new branches over the next few months. Frank: Yes, that’s correct.Marcia: However, we don’t have to make all the final decisions right now, do we? Frank: We only need to decide who should be responsible for making those decisions when the time comes.Marcia: Yes, Let’s go through how we’re going to decide that again. Frank: OK. I’d like you to choose a local supervisor you feel would be up to the task.Marcia: I’m supposed to let him or her choose the location, aren’t I? Frank: Yes, that way we’ll have the best local knowledge.Marcia: OK. I think I’m up to speed. Let’s meet again in a few weeks. Frank: How about Wednesday in two weeks?Marcia: OK. See you then. Example 2 - Getting Directions Neighbor 1: Hi Holly, could you help me out?Neighbor 2: Sure, what can I do? Neighbor 1: I need directions to the new supermarket.Neighbor 2: Sure, that’s easy. Take a left on 5th Ave., turn right on Johnson and continue straight ahead for two miles. It’s on the left. Neighbor 1: Just a moment. Could you say that again? I’d like to get this down.Neighbor 2: No problem, take a left on 5th Ave., turn right on Johnson and continue straight ahead for two miles. It’s on the left.Neighbor 1: I take the second right on Johnson, don’t I?Neighbor 2: No, take the first right. Got it? Neighbor 1: Uh, yes, let me just repeat. Take a left on 5th Ave., turn right on Johnson and continue straight ahead for two miles.Neighbor 2: Yes, that’s it. Neighbor 1: Great. Thanks for your help.Neighbor 2: No problem.