Alzheimer’s Disease †Essay 2 Free Essays

Alzheimer’s Disease Joy Pachowicz PSY 350 Professor Alina Sheppe Perez May 15, 201 Introduction Alzheimer’s disease, despite being so widespread, is not really considered part of the aging process. According to Robert Feldman, author of the textbook, â€Å"Understanding Psychology†, only 19% of people who are ages 75 to 84 suffer from this disease. It is only once they pass the age of 85, that the elderly need to be more concerned about the possibility of developing Alzheimer’s disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Alzheimer’s Disease – Essay 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( Feldman, p. 446) Fifty percent of all people over 85 years of age suffer from Alzheimer’s disease and researchers believe that if no cure for the disease is found by the year 2050; there will be 14 million people affected by this disease. (Feldman, p. 446) What is Alzheimer’s disease and how is it diagnosed? What are its symptoms and who are most likely to develop this disease? The purpose of this paper is to explore what Alzheimer’s disease is and offer some suggestions of how to approach it in the future. What is Alzheimer’s Disease? According to the Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, Alzheimer’s Disease is a â€Å"progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain’s nerve cells, or neurons, resulting in the loss of memory, thinking, language skills, and behavioral changes† (www. alzfdn. org) With Alzheimer’s disease, neuron cells are destroyed in the hippocampus, and this is what sparks the loss of short term memory; and as neuron cells die in the cerebral cortex, so too the functionality of language and clear thinking sees a marked decline in the person who has developed Alzheimer’s disease (www. lzfdn. org) With Alzheimer’s disease, there is diminished production of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is very much involved with our ability to memorize and retain information; so, if there is a decrease in Acetylcholine; our memory’s ability to function suffers greatly. (Feldman, p. 66) Symptoms of Alzheimerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Disease How does one know to even consult with a specialist or seek out one’s physician regarding Alzheimer’s disease? There are some telltale symptoms that set up red flags of warning. If you see any of these symptoms, please see a physician to determine if you have Alzheimer’s disease: 1. Memory Loss that disrupts Daily Life 2. Difficulties in planning events or solving problems 3. Difficulties performing familiar tasks or household work 4. Confusion with time or place. 5. Troubles interpreting visual images and spacial relationships 6. Problems with forming words or with communicating Losing items and not being able to remember what one recently did. 7. Failing and poor judgement 8. Withdrawal from work or social activities 9. Changes in Mood or Behavioral ( www. lz. org) Now just because you may have one or all these doesn’t necessarily mean you have Alzheimer’s disease. Time is very much a key element in acting on these symptoms. If these symptoms persist over a long period of time; then it’s time to have a professional evaluation of the symptoms. . Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease According to the Alzheimer’s Association , there are several steps to take when trying to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease. First, one must consult with his/her medical doctor. When going, it’s important to take a copy of one’s whole medical history. While at the consultation, one can be given a mental status test. Along with this test, a physical and neurological exam should be given. Blood tests should be taken to rule out other possible causes of memory loss. (www. alz. org) The specialists one could see to determine whether one is suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and not some other illness are: Psychologists, Neurologists and Psychiatrist. (www. alz. org) Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease As with other diseases, Alzheimer’s has varying stages it progresses through as it develops in the body and affects the brain. The first stage consists of the mere manifestation of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, which we have already listed: memory problems, difficulty forming words, forgetfulness etc. ( www. nia. nih. gov) The next stage would be what doctors would label the mild stage of Alzheimer’s disease. During this stage, cognitive abilities are more impaired. There are difficulties with handling money or paying bills. Repeating things over and over again begin to be notice. (www. nia. nih. gov) The mild stage gives way to the moderate stage of Alzheimer’s disease. New symptoms appear and older ones worsen. Memory continues to decline in this stage. In this stage it becomes more and more difficult to recognize family and friends. In the moderate stage of Alzheimer’s disease there are hallucinations and paranoia. It’s more difficult to get dressed, wash and perform simple task. ( www. nia. nih. gov) The final stage of Alzheimer’s disease is the severe stage. People with severe Alzheimer’s disease spend most their time in bed, sleeping. Their body shuts down. ( www. nia. nih. gov) Treating Alzheimer’s disease Since Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a plaque buildup in the synapse that prevents the communication of neurons, one to another; researchers have found a way to allow these neurons to communicate despite this buildup. Donepezil is one such drug that has been released for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Another name for this drug is Aricept. What Aricept does is increases the memory’s capacity. ( Feldman, p. 229) There are other drugs being tested; but, right now the most popular treatment for Alzheimer’s disease is the use of Aricept. In the News Researchers of Banner Sun Health Research Institute have been studying the relationship that copper and cholesterol have to Alzheimer’s disease. They believe that dementia is caused by tangles and plaque in the brain. Copper has been implicated in the increased progression of Alzheimer’s disease in those who have the disease. Cholesterol, which is a major cause of plaque buildup in other parts of the body, therefore, it can be a contributing cause of plaque buildup in the brain. (redorbit. com) â€Å"In the BSHRI study, Sparks and his team performed a pilot study of long-term dietary cholesterol in four groups of rabbits. One group was administered normal food and water and three groups were administered increasing levels of a cholesterol diet for five months. Significantly, plasma levels of tau increased by 40 to 50 percent in each of the cholesterol-fed animal groups after five months of the experimental diet† (redorbit. com) In another research program being conducted by scientists through the USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Indiana University and Florida’s Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center; a certain protein: beta amyloid was singled out to be the cause of neurons malfunctioning that causes memory oss which is associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. (redorbit. com) â€Å"By identifying a brand new and extremely important target of the amyloid protein’s toxicity, we can develop drugs for Alzheimer’s disease that may protect the motors from inhibition and allow the brain to regenerate properly,† said principal investigator Huntington Potte r, PhD, a professor of Molecular Medicine who holds the Pfeiffer Endowed Chair for Alzheimer’s Disease Research. † (redorbit. com) Coping with Alzheimer’s disease â€Å"There are many ways to fight the adverse symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Below are some ways a person can cope with Alzheimer’s disease: †¢ Keep a notebook handy to record important numbers, appointments and dates. †¢ Use sticky note to help remember things of importance †¢ Keep important phone numbers next to telephone (in large print) †¢ Have a contact who will call to remind of meal times, appointments or other. †¢ Use a calendar to keep track of the day of week. †¢ Keep photos of important people around; have names of who these important people are somewhere on the picture. †¢ When going out always have another person to go along, to avoid getting lost. For Care Providers †¢ â€Å"Providing a healthy lifestyle is a must. Good nutrition, exercise and appropriate social interactions all help to develop a healthy environment for the Alzheimer’s patient. †¢ Have a planned daily routine .. so that Alzheimer’s patient can develop a sense of accomplishment and value. †¢ Choose proper tim es for activities. Many times night time is not a good time for Alzheimer’s patients. †¢ Encourage independence with the Alzheimer’s patient, let them do for themselves as much as possible. †¢ Speak slowly and calmly †¢ Make eye contact. Give simple instructions â€Å" (webmd. com) Conclusion Alzheimer’s disease is a widely spread disease that affects a great number of elderly people worldwide. While it is frequently associated with old age; it is not considered part of the aging process. Recent studies provided some hopeful ways to help stop the spread of Alzheimer’s disease, and also provided warnings of what can happen if a cure to Alzheimer’s disease is not found.. While a person may show many symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, only a medical doctor can confirm whether Alzheimer’s disease is present. Through various tests, doctors rule out other possible diseases before focusing on Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease has many stages and faces and the best approach is to arrest it while it’s in its early stages. Once Alzheimer’s settles in and brain cells start dying, the only thing left to do is to accommodate the limitations that come with the disease. Educating oneself about Alzheimer’s disease is a must for everyone. More than likely, every one of us will come face to face with it in one fashion or another. We will either be taking care of someone who has it; or, we will develop it ourselves. Alzheimer’s disease affects both the patient and those around him/her. Take time to become knowledgeable of this disease, id worth the effort. . References Alzheimer’s Disease: Special Tips for Maintaining a Normal life. Retrieved From. http://www. webmd. com/alzheimers/caregivers-09/memory-tips Coping With Alzheimer’s: Special Instructions for Care Providers. Retrieved From http://www. webmd. com/alzheimers/caregivers-09/caregivers-tips Feldman. R. F. (2008). Understanding Psychology. (8th Edition). NYC. New York. McGraw/Hill. National Institute On Aging. Care giver Guide. Retrieved from. http://www. nia. nih. gov/Alzheimers/Publications/caregiverguide. htm National Institute on Aging. Tips for Care Givers. Retrieved from. http://www. nia. nih. gov/nia. nih. gov Researchers Find Further Evidence Linking Alzheimer’s Disease to Copper and Cholesterol Retrieved from. http://www. redorbit. com/news/health/2046137/banner_sun_health_research_institute_res earchers_find_further_evidence_linking/index. html How to cite Alzheimer’s Disease – Essay 2, Essays

Concept Analysis free essay sample

Concept analysis is a form of research that allows a person to explore a theory/ concept to the fullest degree in an organized way. This concept analysis will take Walker amp; Avant’s steps to form a better understanding into pain. The steps include: selection on concept (pain), Aims or purposes, literature on the pain, concept uses, determine defining attributes, model cases, alternative cases, identify antecedents and consequences, and empirical referents. Aims or Purposes of Pain Analysis Patient occurs in every person in some form. An understanding of what pain is and how to treat and assess it will allow the patients and nurses to achieve a better outcome. With an understanding of the concept of pain and how it affects the care nurses give then the better the patients’ outcomes. Working on a surgical unit I am faced with pain daily and learning how to assess it allows me to understand each patient’s views of pain. I can be faced with two patients with the same surgery, but the pain scale totally different. â€Å"All pain is Real and Pain is what the patient says it is† (McCaffery, 2002). The Purpose of this analysis of pain is to take the Walker amp; Avant steps to unfold what pain is. Literature On Pain First one needs to define pain. Pain is as (a) the sensation which one feels when hurt (in body or mind); (b) suffering, distress, the opposite of pleasure; (c) in specifically physical and psychical senses: bodily suffering; mental suffering, trouble, grief, sorrow: (d) trouble as taken for the accomplishment of something difficult according to the Oxford English Dictionary (2013). Pain can breakdown into four theories: specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, and psychological/ behavioral theory. Specificity theory† proposed that injury activates specific pain receptors and fibres that, in turn, project pain impulses through a spinal pain pathway to a pain centre in the brain† (Melzach, 1996, p130). With the specificity theory many chronic back pain patient were diagnosis as psychologically disturbed not with pain. Out of the testing the specificity theory come the pattern theory which had multiple theories which mostly lead to the Gate control theory. One of the pattern theories looked at all ‘cutaneous qualities are produced by spatiotemporal patterns of the nerve impulses rather than by separate modality-specific transmission† (Melzach amp; Wall, 1965, p973). Next came the Gateway control theory. The Gateway Control theory is a stimulation of the skin evokes nerve impulses that are transmitted to three spinal cord: cells in the substantia gelatinosa, dorsal-column fibers, and central transmission cells (Melzach amp; Wall, 1965, p974). This theory explains how pain can increase to a person. If one of the three areas is triggered than the response aka pain increases. Finally we have the psychological/ behavioral theory. This theory looks at pain being a result of emotions, feelings, and mental behavioral no physical injury needed ( Turk amp; Okifuji, 2002). In this theory explains how pain can be expressed by feelings. There need not be injury, but looks at how someone thinking. Reviewing all the different literature, there is a clear point that I can make. It is that pain can be one or two: physical or psychological. The other subtopics of pain like environment, social get fix into one of the top two. I feel that pain is felt different in each patient, and their bodies have chemical to let them know. Possible use of Pain Concept There are different uses of the pain concept in the medical field. First pain is an everyday experiences that is expressed through the use of language and is then legitimized (Waddie, 1996). If a patient as a history of depression or chronic pain they have pain every day and the concept is used to help explain their pain. As nurse we use the concept of pain to find base line of the pain and to assess new pain. In surgical patients they may have multiple types of pain from the incision, emotional, and history. The concept educates the nurse of the different form that pain can present itself. Pain can also guide how we treat the patient. Emotional pain would not be treated with the â€Å"so know pain pills†, but with talking or listening to patient. Concept of pain a lso address the different form of patient and how the nurse and patient response to it. If a patient is having somatic pain from an incision the nurse could react by applying heat or ice. Pain is what the patient says it is. Defining Attributes Defining attributes is to list the characteristics that are associated with a concept. According to Walker amp; Avant, concept analysis needs to consist of more than one defining attribute: however determine the attributes that are appropriate for the purpose of exploration of the concept (1995). With this principle in place, the attributes of pain are: physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, and unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual. When looking at the first attribute of physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, studies show that patients with pain score three or less to function well in their recovery and have a better mood (McCaffery, 2002). In the second attribute, an unpleasant and distressful experience from a physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual, can relate to postoperative patients. Turn, cough and deep breathe causes both positive and negative pain to the patient. Post-surgical patients have positive pain when they are decrease postoperative complications like PE and pneumonia by turn, cough, and deep breathing. The negative side is that the patients increase their surgical pain may adding pressure to it (Al-Jurf, 1979). Model Cases Model cases need to include all for the attribute listed in the analysis of pain. An example could be a 35 years old women admitted with a bowel obstruction followed by a laparoscopic colon resection with ostomy placement. Patients reported no history of surgeries, no bowel history, no chronic pain, and no home medications. Patient follows no special diet. When admitted to the surgical unit she was sad, scared, and in increase pain. Physically the patient presented with tears in eyes, high blood pressure of 167/99, holding abdomen, and would not look at the nurse. As the nurse, I gave pain medication and explained that I would do as much as I could to help make her comfortable. See refused to look at me. Later that day, when taking care of the ostomy she turned away and told me â€Å"Now I am ugly and everyone with look at me like I am crazy†. As the nurse I ensure her no one will know unless she wanted them to. I showed her to dress cover up the ostomy. I also told her that the ostomy was just here for three months to give her bowels a time to heal and then she will be back to take it down. This story was able to show both attributes of pain. A first, physical and psychological response to the stimulus was the pain forms the incision and ostomy (physical) and psychological to the body change she faced with. Both are a form of pain. Next, in the second attribute, an unpleasant and distressful experience from a physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual, the ostomy care was painful physically in the fact that I had to give pain medication this was negative, but on the other hand the pain allow her to learn a new way to cover her ostomy so others would not know she had it (positive). In a study by Lawrentschuk, Pritchard, Hewitt, and Campbell, they researched the pain in two groups of patients: group one surgery patients with same size dressing and group two with double dressings (2003). The patients were asked pain level 12 and 24 hour post-surgery, pain dimension, pain intensity, and post-surgical analgesia (simple oral and Morphine). The results showed that patients described pain as physical pain and emotional stress. Most patient in the end marked that the pain was hard to handle, but got better each day. This study relates the two attributes of pain by the physical pain form the surgery and the psychology pain as the emotional stress. Plus the patient agreed that the pain they had was positive and negative because it hurt in the beginning but got better. Alternate cases When looking at pain I can think of children in regard to contrary cases of pain. In Cheng, Foster, and Huany concept analysis of pain, story of a child going to the clinic of hepatitis B shot. Next the mother later brought her back for a well visit and the child would not let the mother go â€Å"held her mother tightly with her eyes closed† (Cheng, Foster, amp; Huany, 2003, p25). The moment the nurse walked into room the child cried and wanted to go home. This was not pain but fear therefore it is contrary cases of pain. In borderline cases same critical attributes of the concept are present not all of them. In different cultures and ethnicity it is hard to assess pain and the concept of pain may be borderline. In Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor, and Katz, Articles talk about how different ethnic groups react to pain and how the nursing team needs to assess for pain. The study looked at Jewish and Bedouin women in labor. The Bedouin women would report to staff that pain was ok, but the staff evaluate physical signs of pain like tears, holding abdomens, and balling up in bed (Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor, and Katz, 1999). The Bedouin women showed some parts of the concept of pain by physical expression, but also not showing pain by saying that the pain was ok. Antecedent and Consequences When looking at the concept of pain one needs to evaluate the patient’s culture. Antecedents are the events or incidents that happen before the existing concept (Walker amp; Avant, 1995). One can take the study from Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor amp; Katz on the Bedouin women. In this culture the women are not to ask or request pain invention. It is part of their culture to handle what the body gives them. During labor the patient is in pain, but before they get there, there is already an understanding that pain is to be handle without medications or asking for help (Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor amp; Katz, 1999). According to Walker and Avant, consequences are events or incident that happen as result of the concept (1995). This can be seen in surgical patients. Before we patient goes to surgery we ask them what they think their pain should be on the scale 0-10. Pain is a reaction to an individual’s own interpretation of the meaning. If a patient states pain is a 5, a 5 may be interpreted different for another patient. A patient may state pain will be higher or just always give the same number for pain. The request for pain medications is consequence of the concept of pain. Empirical Referents Due to pain being different in each patient the best way to evaluate it is by patient’s own verbalization. There are different pain charts and scale made to make assessing patient pain easier. The nurse needs to know which tool is best for the patient. In â€Å"Teaching your patient to use a pain rating scale†, it is important to educate on how to use the scale and what you mean by pain (McCaffery , 2002). Pain is different in each patient, therefor the scale needs to be explained that pain is what the patient says it is. The McGill Pain Questionnaire is the most preferred tool. In some patients that are unable to give a number of pain, like children, confused, and behavioral reasons, an assessment of the nonverbal cues are used. Assess for crying, restlessness, and avoiding moving (McCaffery, 2002). Conclusion During the concept analysis steps I found that pain is not clear cut way to assess by patient’s pain. There is more involved in what pain is and how patients may represent pain. As a nurse working on the floor we forget that pain is indeed what the patient says it is not what we think it is. Pain can be explained as four different theories: specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, and psychological/ behavioral theory. Each theory as it’s only view and could fix to express a patient’s pain. Pain contains many different attributes in this paper I forced on the physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, and unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual. I learned that pain can represent itself in different ways; from an incision causing pain to emotional pain from a new ostomy. Model cases will represent the concept in all it’s glory. The model case will show all of the attribute present in the case. Next, there can be cases that may not have all or none of the attributes present. In borderline cases, there is a gray line between pain concept and not. There are some attributes but not all of them. In the contrary cases, none of the attributes are present. The end product is that pain is important to assess and to take notice of in all patients. Remember that pain is what the patient says it is. References Al-Jurf, A. (1979). Turn, Cough and Deep breathe. Surgery, Gynecology amp; Obstetrics. 149(6), p 887-888. Cheng, S. , Foster, R. amp; Huang, C. (2003). Concept Analysis of Pain. Tzu Chi Nursing Journal, 2(3), p20-30. Retrieved from http://www. docstoc. com/docs/94932886/Concept-Analysis-of-Pain. Sheiner, E. , Sheiner, E. , Shoham-Vardi, I, Mazor, M. , amp; Katz, M. (1999). Ethnic differences influence care giver’s estimates of pain during labour. Pain. 81(3), p299-305. Retrieved from http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0304395999000196. Lawrentschuk, N. , Pritchard, M. , Hewitt, P. , amp; Campbell, C. (2003). Dressing Size and Pain : A Prospective Trail. ANZ Journal of Surgery. 73(4), p 217-219. McCaffery, M. (2002). Teaching your patient to use a pain rating scale. Nursing, 32(8). Melzach, R. (1996). Gate control theory: on the evolution of pain concepts. Journal of the American Pain Society. 5, p 128-138. Melzach, R. amp; Wall, P. (1965). Pain mechanism: A New Theory. Science, New Series. 50(3699), p 971-979. Oxford University Press. (2013). Pain. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved from http://oxforddictionaries. com/us/definition/american_english/pain? q=pain. Turk, D. amp; Okifuji, A. (2002). Psychological Factors in Chronic Pain: Evolution and Revolution. Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology. 70(3), p 678-690. Waddie, N. (1996). Pain, anxiety, and powerlessness. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 16, p 388-397. Walker, L, amp; A vant, K. (1995). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (3rd ed. ). Norwalk, Ct: Appleton amp; Lange.

The Ethical Issues in Financial Management

Financial managers play a dynamic role in an organization. As a matter of fact, the main duties of financial managers are to make decisions regarding investments and manage the financial portfolio. The decisions are not about which securities to hold but what business opportunities to pursue and finance (Van Horne Wachowicz 2).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Ethical Issues in Financial Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ethical issues in financial management fall into two main categories, which include ethical obligation or duties of financial managers of a corporation and ethical justification for organizing a corporation with shareholder’s control (Weaver Weston 13). The former category is based on the decisions made by financial managers in fulfilling the financial function of a corporation. It involves the fiduciary duties of the financial managers to a corporation and its shar eholders (Weaver Weston 13). The financial manager’s ethics is based on widely accepted codes of conduct (Weaver Weston 13). A financial manager must be trusted by the company’s stakeholders; he/she must conduct his/her duties with integrity and exercise fairness to all the stakeholders (Weaver Weston 13). A reputation of integrity enables a financial manager to attract other employees to believe in the company’s vision and work towards implementing the company’s objectives (Weaver Weston 13). Self interest by financial mangers usually leads to greed and selfishness. If this greed is left to dominate an individual’s thinking, it usually causes a disorder known as ‘accumulation-fever’. It, therefore, makes a financial manger start indulging in illegal deals at his/her work place so as to accumulate his/her own wealth. The focus of such a type of a financial manager shifts from the long-term company objectives to the short-term indiv idual objectives (Lynch 148). Financial managers are always supposed to be trusted by the company’s shareholders and their colleagues. Self interest that is a form of unethical behavior can create a great loss to a company (Lynch 148). Financial managers are always entitled to a salary package for the services they offer to a company, but the company does not allow them to use the company finances for their own selfish reasons (Lynch 148).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This form of behavior will cause a company to make huge loses or even collapse. It can also lead to loss of confidence in the company’s management by the junior employees (Lynch 148). Olympus, a world renowned Electronics Company, was reported to have engaged in a big financial statement fraud (Tabuchi 1). This report was published by New York Times newspaper on November 7, 2011 on page B1 . The paper indicated that the economic fraud committed by Olympus could be one of the biggest financial frauds of the past decade (Tabuchi 1). On November 8, 2011, Olympus management reported that more than one billion dollars payouts were utilized to finance mergers with other companies. The paper also reported that the company issued a statement which said that the money which had been alleged to have been paid for the mergers had in fact been utilized to mask heavy losses made since 1990 (Tabuchi 1). The investigative panel revealed that Olympus had made 687 million dollars in fees to pay an obscure financial adviser over its acquisition of ‘Gyrus’ in the year 2008 (Tabuchi 1). In fact, that amount of money was roughly a third of the two billion dollars acquisition price (Tabuchi 1). Works Cited Lynch, James. Banking and finance: managing the moral dimension, Cambridge: Gresham Books, 2004. Print. Tabuchi, Hiroko. â€Å"Olympus Hid Investing Losses in Big Merger Pa youts,† New York Times 7 Nov. 2011: 1. nytimes.com. Web. Van Horne, James C. and John Martin Wachowicz. Fundamentals of financial management. 13 ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2008. Print.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Ethical Issues in Financial Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Weaver, Samuel and Fred Weston. Strategic financial management: applications of corporate finance, Ohio: Mason Publishers, 2008. Print. This assessment on The Ethical Issues in Financial Management was written and submitted by user Esther Wilkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Robotics Industry

The Robotics Industry: Leading the Charge to a Productive 21st Century It’s helpful to understand how the industry has accepted the use of robotics across the decades, since the beginning to the present years. In the beginning of robotics (1950s – 70s) industry pioneers envisioned a day when robots would perform the dangerous jobs instead of people, but some industries remained unconvinced about the benefits of robotics. But in Japan the use of robots increased the quality of their products. During the boom of robotics (1980 – 1985) companies rushed in to buy robots, not only expected to solve problems in industry, but to cook, clean homes, and take care of people. By 1985 – 1987 the boom turned to a burst, with many robotics companies existing in the field as the huge market failed to materialize. The robot manufacturers were dependent from the automotive industry. In the rebirth (1987 – 1992) the electronics, food, pharmaceutical, appliance and aerospace industries started receiving more attention from robotics companies. There were advances in robot control technology, simulation and off-line programming. Costumers were demanding higher quality items at lower cost; manufacturers began focusing on technologies that could help them make products cheaper, faster, and better. It was time for the robotics industry. Looking at the future, we can see that even through the robotics industry is less dependent than ever before on the automotive industry, the automotive market still is the largest. Greater us of robots for assembly, paint systems, final trim, and parts transfer is forecast. Use of robots in the electronics industry should grow; the key factors of the expected growth are mass customization of electronic goods, miniaturization of electronics goods and their internal components. The food and beverage industry is n the midst of a capital spending boom in order to improve operating efficiencies. These industries are... Free Essays on Robotics Industry Free Essays on Robotics Industry The Robotics Industry: Leading the Charge to a Productive 21st Century It’s helpful to understand how the industry has accepted the use of robotics across the decades, since the beginning to the present years. In the beginning of robotics (1950s – 70s) industry pioneers envisioned a day when robots would perform the dangerous jobs instead of people, but some industries remained unconvinced about the benefits of robotics. But in Japan the use of robots increased the quality of their products. During the boom of robotics (1980 – 1985) companies rushed in to buy robots, not only expected to solve problems in industry, but to cook, clean homes, and take care of people. By 1985 – 1987 the boom turned to a burst, with many robotics companies existing in the field as the huge market failed to materialize. The robot manufacturers were dependent from the automotive industry. In the rebirth (1987 – 1992) the electronics, food, pharmaceutical, appliance and aerospace industries started receiving more attention from robotics companies. There were advances in robot control technology, simulation and off-line programming. Costumers were demanding higher quality items at lower cost; manufacturers began focusing on technologies that could help them make products cheaper, faster, and better. It was time for the robotics industry. Looking at the future, we can see that even through the robotics industry is less dependent than ever before on the automotive industry, the automotive market still is the largest. Greater us of robots for assembly, paint systems, final trim, and parts transfer is forecast. Use of robots in the electronics industry should grow; the key factors of the expected growth are mass customization of electronic goods, miniaturization of electronics goods and their internal components. The food and beverage industry is n the midst of a capital spending boom in order to improve operating efficiencies. These industries are...

Biography of Richard Hamilton, English Pop Art Pioneer

Biography of Richard Hamilton, English Pop Art Pioneer Richard William Hamilton (February 24, 1922 - September 13, 2011) was an English painter and collage artist best-known as the father of the Pop Art movement. He started the crucial elements that defined the style and laid the groundwork for future significant figures like Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol. Fast Facts: Richard Hamilton Occupation: Painter and collage artistBorn: February 24, 1922 in London, EnglandDied: September 13, 2011 in London, EnglandSpouses: Terry OReilly (died 1962), Rita DonaghChildren: Dominy and RodericSelected Works: Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing? (1956), Towards a definitive statement on the coming trends in menswear and accessories (1962), Swingeing London (1969)Notable Quote: Its not so easy to create a memorable image. Art is made through the sensibilities of an artist, and the kind of ambitions and intelligence, curiosity and inner direction that role requires. Early Life and Education Born into a working-class family in London, England, Richard Hamilton began attending evening art classes at age 12 and received encouragement to apply to the Royal Academy of the Arts. The academy accepted him into its programs at age 16, but he had to withdraw when the school shut down in 1940 due to World War II. Hamilton was too young to enlist in the military and spent the war years executing technical drawings. Richard Hamilton returned to the Royal Academy when it reopened in 1946. Soon the school expelled him for not profiting from the instruction and failing to follow regulations. After acceptance into the Slade School of Art in 1948, Hamilton studied painting with artist William Coldstream. Less than two years later, he exhibited his work at the Institute for Contemporary Arts in London. His new friendships with fellow artists allowed him to be present at the 1952 meeting of the Independent Group where Eduardo Paolozzi showed collages with images from American magazine advertisements. They inspired Richard Hamilton to explore what soon became known as Pop Art. Chris Morphet / Getty Images British Pop Art In the 1950s, Richard Hamilton began teaching art in various locations around London. In 1956, he helped define the This Is Tomorrow exhibit at the Whitechapel Gallery. Many consider the event the beginning of the British Pop Art movement. It included Hamiltons landmark piece Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing? Following the acclaim surrounding This Is Tomorrow, Hamilton accepted a teaching position at the Royal College of Art in London. David Hockney was among his students. In a 1957 letter, Hamilton stated that Pop art is: popular, transient, expendable, low-cost, mass-produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous, and Big Business. China Photos / Getty Images A personal tragedy took place in 1962 when Richard Hamiltons wife, Terry, died in a car accident. While mourning, he traveled to the U.S. and developed an interest in the work of conceptual art pioneer Marcel Duchamp. Hamilton met the legendary artist at a Pasadena retrospective, and they became friends. Art and Music In the 1960s, Richard Hamilton straddled the gap between pop music and contemporary art. Bryan Ferry, founder and lead vocalist of Roxy Music, was one of his dedicated students. Through his agent, Robert Fraser, Hamilton encountered other rock musicians like the Rolling Stones. A drug arrest of Fraser and Rolling Stones lead vocalist, Mick Jagger, is the subject of a series of 1969 Richard Hamilton prints titled Swingeing London. Hamilton also developed a friendship with Paul McCartney of The Beatles and designed the cover for the White Album in 1968. Swingeing London 67 (1969). Dan Kitwood / Getty Images Late in his career, Hamilton explored working with new technology. He used television and computers. After the BBC asked him to take part in a television series titled Painting With Light, he used Quantel Paintbox software to develop new works of art. It wasnt his first exploration of the interaction of modern technology and art. He used a stereophonic soundtrack and Polaroid camera demonstration as elements of his art lectures as early as 1959. Legacy Richard Hamilton is often credited as the father of Pop Art. His concepts and works influenced the movement in both the U.K. and the U.S. The piece Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing from 1956 is usually identified as the first true Pop Art piece. It is a collage using images cut out of American magazines. A contemporary muscleman and a female underwear model are perched in a modern living room surrounded by state-of-the-art technology and luxury items. The word Pop on a lollipop held by the muscleman like a tennis racket gave the title to the movement. Hamiltons first work of Pop Art also includes elements that predict major directions in the movement. A painting on the back wall showing comic book art anticipates Roy Lichtenstein. A canned ham points toward the consumer art of Andy Warhol, and the oversized lollipop is reminiscent of the sculptures of Claes Oldenburg. Sources Sylvester, David. Richard Hamilton. Distributed Art, 1991.

Systems Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Systems Project Management - Essay Example Moreover, the mode of data referencing seemed to be difficult and time consuming. Therefore, adoption and implementation of information systems in hospitals will automatically increase the efficiency and effectiveness of data interaction thereby increasing the quality of services offered in the hospital set up. Hospital information systems are massive, integrated system aimed at supporting hospitals’ comprehensive information requirements that include patient, ancillary, and financial management. It should be noted that hospitals have become extremely complex. Moreover, they have large units and departments that need to be administered from a central unit of management as a mean of coordinating care to patients (Velde, 1992; Pg. 342). Therefore, manual data management will be quite cumbersome especially due to the large departments and the ever growing number of patients in these institutions. Thus, the only sure way to help hospitals to become reliable and efficient is to adv ise them to adopt hospital information systems in their patients and data management. The use of information systems will help the hospital to diagnose, manage, and educate relevant stakeholders towards improving their services and practices (Winter and Haux, 2011, Pg. 21). Implementation of information systems in hospitals is inevitable since numerous dominating factors including people, organization, and technology are currently inseparable. Hospitals have currently integrated a series of functions and activities including: Consultation, Disease diagnosis, Providing treatment and treatment facilities, Patients and children immunization, Admission facilities including beds, nursing, and medicine among others. Hospitals also conduct other operational services that include: Recording patients’ information General billing Recording diagnostic information per patient Keeping immunization records per patient or per child Keeping records for various diseases and medicines for cura ble diseases All these activities and services are often done manually, for hospitals that have not adopted the use of information systems. The activity involved in recording such data is hectic in that each patient’s information is often recorded manually and some of the patient’s personal information includes name, age, and gender (Dudeck, 1997; Pg. 261). These information or data are usually stored afresh whenever the patient visits the hospital. Furthermore, bills that are generated from other units and hospital departments are recorded separately and provided to customer of separate bill sheets. At the end of it all, the same bills will be summed up differently and this will be a waste of time and writing resources. All these data often occupy space; therefore, they are usually destroyed after sometimes to provide space for other day data set. The quantity of data or file piles usually hinders doctors from referring to such files as the need may demand. The volume of the files will obviously discourage the doctors; thus, they will resort to gauze work and such actions may be injurious to the patients involved (Schmitz, 1979; Pg. 92). Therefore, the aim of this project is to eliminate of physical data collection, storage, and reference to improve management of both the patients and hospital management. Part one: Scope The scope of this project is to develop and install software that will automate management in

Ministere Public v Deserbais Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ministere Public v Deserbais - Essay Example The court’s ruling may lead to different interpretations of the judgment and it may raise more questions about the justice system. To avoid such conflicts after judgments, the courts ensure that they make judgments that can be backed up with factual scripts on the law. Cases that generate conflicts are normally those in which the land’s laws are not quite parallel to the provisions of the international laws. Whenever a nation signs an international treaty, the provisions of the treaty may directly affect the laws in the country. The policies of the treaty may dictate one thing while the land law calls for the direct opposite. It is also possible that the treaty may give provisions that are not allowed by the nation in question. There have been several cases that have fuelled heated debates in Europe over the past several decades. One of the most popular cases relating to such conflicts was the Case 286/86 Ministere Public v Deserbais [1988] ECR 4907. This paper will ana lyse the case between Ministere Public v Deserbais. Case analysis Gerard Deserbais was a director in a dairy products business that was playing in the German and French economies. Deserbais had registered his business under the name â€Å"Edam† in France. Edam was the name of the dairy products that the business man was importing to France from Germany. According to analysis done on the imported cheese from Germany, its fats content was 34.3%. Under the French legislation, the name â€Å"Edam† is restricted to cheese containing a minimum of 40% fats. According to the Stresa convention adopted in 1951, the dairy businessmen should only use specific names of their cheese if the cheese meets the required standards (Ministere Public v. Gerard Deserbais, 1988). Following the detection of Gerard Deserbais’ cunning business activities, the French authority arrested him and he was charged with the offence of using a restricted trade name without meeting the provisions o f the name in question. According to the French legislation, the Cheese was substandard and the business man had been swindling the public of the right to consumption of â€Å"Edam† cheese as provided by the name. The most controversial question was whether Deserbais was well acquainted with the provisions of the law in France or not, but in his defence, he suggested that he was well aware of the meaning of the trade name (Ministere Public v. Gerard Deserbais, 1988). The fact that he was ignorant about the French legislation made things worse for his defence. The court did not sympathise with him. Accusation Gerard Deserbais was accused of using a reserved trade name for his cheese in France. He was accused of criminal business activities on grounds that the name â€Å"Edam† was specifically reserved by the French law for cheese containing more than 40% fat. The French Legislation passed the law in 1951 and the trade name was specifically only used by traders whose pro ducts passed the test of the name’s requirements. Edam cheese was a dairy product that was very popular in Germany and it was 34% made of fats. This information about the content of the cheese was made known to the German public through a clear content list pinned to the cheese containers (Wolf, 1999). The basis of the accusations on Mr. Deserbais were controversial since the French legislation claimed that the use of the name was illegal for the substandard cheese products while in the EEC Treaty, which France was a member state, had an article that allowed the member states to import their products freely. Mr. Deserbais’s defence used Article 234 EEC as the backbone of their case.