Alexander the Prophet essays

Alexander the Prophet papers At the point when Alexander the Prophet acquainted Glycon the snake with the Abonoteichans, it showed how the majority of ancient history were anxious to love a type of God. Also, it truly delineated that it was so natural to design a divine being and watch the majority rush to love it. The individuals all through the Roman world were so offbeat, uninformed and guileless that even a cynic with persuading contentions and proof had no reasonable impact on the unsophisticated adherents. Alexander was for sure an astute and creative man and that was a piece of the explanation he was so fruitful at his cons. The other purpose behind his prosperity was because of the sheer obliviousness of the majority and he utilized both of these elements for his potential benefit. He comprehended, as per Lucians story, that expectation and dread tyrannize each keeps an eye on life and that anybody ready to utilize either to his benefit could get rich short-term. Alexander was so truly adept at working individuals in support of himself, beside cheating them for cash, obviously. In any event, when his predictions went astray, he was rapidly ready to recuperate. He would plan ex present facto prophets on help out the awful forecasts, for example, the one he gave Severianus about his walk into Armenia. This was a rich and eminent individual, Severianus, and he trusted Glycon with his and his warriors lives, causing him a deep sense of inconvenience. His prophets were not just tuned in t o and accepted by the average citizens. There was a huge support of heads and common governors too. Indeed, even Rutilianus, the legislative head of Moesia and Asia, was a dedicated devotee, and wedded Alexanders little girl. Rutilianus additionally came to Alexanders safeguard when his own child had kicked the bucket after he asked Glycon where he ought to get his training. Rutilianus basically thought of a potential positive understanding of what the prophet may have implied. Alexanders god was well known to the point that individuals hurried right from Rome to diplomat ... <!

Universal Solvent Definition

Widespread Solvent Definition In fact, a dissolvable is a part of an answer present in the more noteworthy sum. Interestingly, solutes are available in a littler sum. In the basic use, a dissolvable is a fluid that breaks up synthetic concoctions, for example, solids, gases, and different fluids. Key Takeaways: Universal Solvent A widespread dissolvable hypothetically breaks down some other chemical.A genuine general dissolvable doesn't exist.Water is regularly called the all inclusive dissolvable in light of the fact that it disintegrates a bigger number of synthetic compounds than some other dissolvable. Be that as it may, water just breaks up other polar particles. It doesn't break up nonpolar atoms, including natural mixes, for example, fats and oils. All inclusive Solvent Definition An all inclusive dissolvable is a substance that breaks up most synthetics. Water is known as the all inclusive dissolvable on the grounds that it breaks up a greater number of substances than some other dissolvable. Be that as it may, no dissolvable, including water, breaks down each synthetic. Ordinarily, similar to disintegrates like. This mean polar solvents break down polar particles, for example, salts. Nonpolar solvents break up nonpolar atoms, for example, fats and other natural mixes. Why Water Is Called the Universal Solvent Water disintegrates a larger number of synthetic concoctions than some other dissolvable in light of the fact that its polar nature gives every particle a hydophobic (water-dreading) and hydrophilic (water-cherishing) side. The side of the particles with two hydrogen iotas has a slight positive electrical charge, while the oxygen molecule conveys a slight negative charge. The polarization lets water pull in a wide range of sorts of particles. The solid fascination in ionic particles, for example, sodium chloride or salt, permits water to isolate the compound into its particles. Different atoms, for example, sucrose or sugar, arent attacked particles, yet scatter equitably in water. Alkahest as the Universal Solvent Alkahest (here and there spelled alcahest) is a theoretical genuine all inclusive dissolvable, fit for dissolving some other substance. Chemists looked for the famous dissolvable, as it could break down gold and have valuable therapeutic applications. The word alkahest is accepted to have been begat by Paracelsus, who dependent on the Arabic word antacid. Paracelsus compared alkahest with the logicians stone. His formula for alkahest included burning lime, liquor, and carbonate of potash (potassium carbonate). Paracelsus formula couldn't break up everything. After Paracelsus, chemist Franciscus van Helmont portrayed the alcohol alkahest, which was a kind of dissolving water that could break any material into its most essential issue. Van Helmont likewise composed of sal antacid, which was a harsh potash arrangement in liquor, equipped for dissolving numerous substances. He portrayed blending sal soluble base with olive oil to create sweet oil, likely glycerol. While alkahest is certifiably not an all inclusive dissolvable, it despite everything discovers use in the science lab. Researchers use Paracelsus formula, blending potassium hydroxide in with ethanol to clean lab dish sets. The china is then washed with refined water to leave it shining clean. Other Important Solvents Solvents fall into three general classes. There are polar solvents, for example, water; nonpolar solvents like CH3)2CO; and afterward there is mercury, an extraordinary dissolvable that frames an amalgam. Water is by a wide margin the most significant polar dissolvable. There are a few nonpolar natural solvents. For instance, tetrachloroethylene for cleaning; acetors, methyl acetic acid derivation, and ethyl acetic acid derivation for paste and nail clean; ethanol for fragrance; terpenes in cleansers; ether and hexane for spot remover; and a large group of different solvents explicit for their motivation. While unadulterated mixes might be utilized as solvents, mechanical solvents will in general comprise of mixes of synthetic substances. These solvents are given alphanumeroc names. For instance, Solvent 645 comprises of half toluene, 18% butyl acetic acid derivation, 12% ethyl acetic acid derivation, 10% butanol, and 10% ethanol. Dissolvable P-14 comprises of 85% xylene with 15% CH3)2CO. Dissolvable RFG is made with 75% ethanol and 25% butanol. Blended solvents can influence miscibility of solutes and may improve dissolvability. Why There Is No Universal Solvent Alkahest, had it existed, would have presented useful issues. A substance that breaks up all others can't be put away on the grounds that the holder would be broken down. A few chemists, including Philalethes, got around this contention by guaranteeing alkahest would just break down material down to its components. Obviously, by this definition, alkahest would be not able to break up gold. Sources Gutmann, V. (1976). Dissolvable consequences for the reactivities of organometallic mixes. Coord. Chem. Fire up. 18 (2): 225. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)82045-7.Leinhard, John. No.1569 Alkahest. College of Houston.Philalethes, Eirenaeus. The Secret of the Immortal Liquor Called Alkahest or Ignis-AquaTinoco, Ignacio; Sauer, Kenneth and Wang, James C. (2002) Physical Chemistry. Prentice Hall p. 134 ISBN 0-13-026607-8.

What is Operant Conditioning and How Does it Work

What is Operant Conditioning and How Does it Work Every morning, billions of people around the world get up early in the morning and beat the morning traffic to get to their places of work. If they could, many of these people would avoid this daily routine.Many people hate having to get up at 6, prepare themselves in a rush and head out for work, yet all of them do it anyway, because they know that at the end of the month, they will receive a paycheck.What would happen if these people stopped receiving the paycheck at the end of the month? How many people would get up every morning and go to work if they were not promised a salary at the end of the month?Very few, and the reason behind this is because of something known as operant conditioning. Going to work 5 days a week in exchange for a salary is a great example of operant conditioning.WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?Operant conditioning, also referred to as Skinnerian conditioning or instrumental conditioning, is a learning method where desired and voluntary behavior is taught thro ugh the use of positive and negative incentives.Through a system of rewards and punishments, individuals make an association between a specific behavior and the consequences of the behavior. The association of the behavior with a reward or punishment leads to a modification in the strength of the behavior. Operant conditioning is not something new. We can all point out numerous examples of how rewards and punishments have shaped our own behavior. Growing up, we tried a number of behaviors and then learned whether they are good or bad behaviors from their consequences.Operant conditioning plays a very powerful role in everyday learning, and we see the principles of operant conditioning at play almost every day.Below are some examples of how a system of rewards and punishment are used to influence behavior on a daily basis:A sales person receiving a bonus for hitting his targets. The bonus acts as a reward, encouraging the sales person to continue hitting his targets.A parent giving a child a prize for excellent grades to encourage the child to continue performing well in school.An employee who is habitually late to work is scolded by the boss, leading to a decrease in the behavior.A student who remains in detention because of playing truant is likely to stop the behavior.Giving customers redeemable loyalty points for shopping at a specific store increases their likelihood of shopping at the same store.Operant conditioning is based on three main assumptions. The first assumption is that any action leads to an experience that is a direct consequence of the action.The second assumption is that the perceived quality of the consequences of an action influences the likelihood of the action being repeated.The final assumption is that behavior is mainly influenced by external, rather than internal factors.HOW DID OPERANT CONDITIONING COME ABOUTThe concept of operant conditioning was first put forward by B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist, behaviorist and social ph ilosopher. The term Skinnerian conditioning is a reference to his name. At the turn of the 20th century, psychologists had grown very interested in behaviorism.Already, the concept of classical conditioning, had been proposed. Behaviorists who subscribed to the classical conditioning concept believed that learning was a mental and emotional process. They believed that the best way of studying behavior and learning was by looking at the internal thoughts and motivations of an individual.While Skinner did not deny that the fact that internal thoughts and motivations have an influence on behavior, he thought that viewing them as the key drivers of behavior was too simplistic to explain complex human behavior. Skinner theorized that the best way of understanding learning and human behavior was to look at an individual’s actions and the consequences of these actions.In explaining his theory, Skinner came up with the term “operant conditioning.” Skinner defined an operant as any act ive and deliberate behavior that led to a consequence. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning borrowed heavily from Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect.Thorndike’s principle stated that actions that lead to favorable outcomes have a higher probability of being repeated. On the other hand, actions that lead to unfavorable outcomes are less likely to be repeated.Operant conditioning is based on an equally simple premise. Actions that are reinforced will be strengthened and are more likely to be repeated in future. For example, if you take some risks at work and your boss praises you for your courage, you are more likely to take another risk in future.If you purchase from a particular store and they give you a discount, you are likely to shop from the same store again in future. In this case, receiving praise from your boss and receiving a discount from the store are positive reinforcements that encourage your behavior. The outcomes of your actions were desirable, thus strengtheni ng the preceding actions.Some actions, on the other hand, lead to undesirable consequences or punishment.Such actions are weakened and are less likely to be repeated. If you took a risk at work and your boss scolded you for acting without running things through him, you will be less likely to take another risk at work.Similarly, if you shop from a particular store and you later realize they sold you a low quality product, you are less likely to shop from them in future. In this case, the scolding from your boss and the poor quality product are undesired outcomes or punishments.To test his theory, Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber, also known as the Skinner box, which he used to conduct experiments using animals. The operant conditioning chamber allowed Skinner to isolate small animals, such as rats and pigeons, and then expose them to carefully controlled stimuli.Skinner also came up with another invention known as the cumulative recorder, which allowed him to keep a record of the response rates (the number of times an animal pressed a key or bar inside the Skinner box).HOW OPERANT CONDITIONING WORKSSkinner stated that individuals (both humans and animals) display two key types of behaviors. The first type is known as respondent behaviors. Respondent behavior refers to actions automatically and on reflex. You don’t need any learning in order to display respondent behavior.A good example of respondent behavior occurs when you touch something hot. Without thinking about it, you immediately draw your hand back from the hot surface.Pavlov’s classic experiments with dogs is another great example of respondent behavior. Dogs automatically and involuntarily salivate to the presentation of food. By ringing a bell every time before presenting food to his dogs, Pavlov formed an association between the ringing of a bell and the presentation of food, and his dogs learned to salivate when they simply heard a bell, even if no food was presented.Skinner n oted that classical conditioning was good at explaining how respondent behaviors affected learning. However, not all learning is based on respondent behaviors. According to Skinner, the greatest learning came from voluntary actions and their consequences.The second type of behaviors that Skinner identified are known as operant behaviors. Skinner defined operant behaviors as voluntary behaviors that act upon the environment resulting in a consequence.Unlike respondent behaviors, operant behaviors are under our conscious control, and can be learned voluntarily. According to Skinner, the outcomes of our actions have a major impact on the process of learning operant behaviors.COMPONENTS OF OPERANT CONDITIONINGWe noted earlier that operant conditioning is based on two major factors: reinforcement and punishment. Let us take a look at these two factors.ReinforcementReinforcement refers to any environmental consequence to an action that increases the likelihood of the action being repeated . Reinforcement strengthens behavior. There are two types of reinforcement:Positive reinforcement: This refers to consequences where a favorable event or outcome is added following a certain behavior, leading to the strengthening of the behavior. For example, when you go the extra mile and receive praise from your boss, this is an example of positive reinforcement.To show how positive reinforcement works, Skinner placed a hungry rat in the operant conditioning chamber. In one side of the chamber was a lever that dropped food pellets into the chamber when pressed. As the rat moved around the box, at one point it would accidently press the lever, resulting in a pellet of food being dropped into the chamber immediately.Over time, the rat would learn that pressing the lever led to food being released, and it quickly learned to go directly to the lever whenever it was placed in the chamber. Receiving food every time it pressed the lever acted as positive reinforcement, ensuring that the rat would keep pressing the lever again and again.Negative reinforcement: This refers to consequences where an unfavorable event or outcome is removed following a certain behavior. In this case, the behavior is strengthened not by the desire to get something good, but rather by the desire to get out of an unpleasant condition.A good example of negative reinforcement is a teacher promising to exempt students who have perfect attendance from the final test. The test is something unpleasant for the students, but if they display certain behavior (perfect attendance), they won’t have to sit the test. This encourages them to attend all classes.Such responses are referred to as negative reinforcement because the removal of the unfavorable event or outcome is rewarding to the individual. While they have not actually received anything, not sitting a test can still be seen as a reward.To show how negative reinforcement works, Skinner placed a rat in the operant conditioning chamber and then delivered an unpleasant electric through the floor of the chamber. As the rat moved about in discomfort, it would accidently knock the lever, switching off the electric current immediately.Over time, the rat learns that it can escape from the unpleasant electric current by pressing the lever, and it starts going directly to the lever every time the current is switched on.PunishmentPunishment refers to any adverse or unwanted environmental consequence to an action that reduces the probability of the action being repeated. In other words, punishment weakens behavior. There are two types of punishment:Positive punishment: This refers to consequences where an unfavorable or unpleasant event or outcome is presented or applied following a certain behavior in order to discourage the behavior.For instance, when you get fined for a traffic infraction, that is an example of positive punishment. An unfavorable outcome (payment of the fine) is applied to discourage you from committing the infr action again.Negative punishment: This refers to consequences where a favorable or pleasant outcome is removed following a certain behavior. This can also be referred to as punishment by removal. An example of negative punishment is where a parent denies a child the opportunity to watch television following misbehavior by the child.Sometimes, it can be challenging to distinguish between punishment and negative reinforcement. What you need to remember is that reinforcement (both positive and negative) is meant to strengthen behavior, while punishment is used to weaken behavior.It is also good to note that reinforcement is a more effective in effecting behavior change compared to punishment for a number of reasons. These include:Punishment merely suppresses behavior. The behavior is not forgotten, and once the punishment is no longer present, the behavior might return.Punishment does not necessarily lead to desired behavior. It only discourages unwanted behavior.Punishment can lead to increased aggression â€" it teaches the individual that aggression is an acceptable way of dealing with problems.Punishment leads to fear, which can lead to other unwanted behavior. For instance, spanking a child for not performing well can lead to fear of school.REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULESApart from reinforcement and punishment, behaviorists also discovered that operant conditioning is also influenced by reinforcement schedules.Reinforcement schedule refers to the rules that determine when and how often behavior reinforcements are delivered.Reinforcement schedules have an impact on how quickly behaviors are learned and the strength of the acquired behavior.There are several different delivery schedules that can be used to influence the operant conditioning process. These include:Continuous reinforcement: This is a schedule where a reinforcement is immediately delivered every time a response occurs. For instance, a food pellet is dropped immediately every time the lever is pressed. Wit h continuous reinforcement, new behaviors are learned relatively quickly.However, the response rate (the rate at which the rat presses the lever) is quite low. The learned behavior is also forgotten very quickly once reinforcement stops.Fixed ratio reinforcement: This is a schedule where the reinforcement is delivered only after a behavior or response has occurred a specified number of times. For instance, a pellet of food is released every fifth time the rat presses the lever. With fixed ratio schedules, the response rate as well as the extinction rate (the rate at which the learned behavior is forgotten) is medium.Fixed interval reinforcement: This refers to a schedule where reinforcement is delivered after a specified interval of time, provided the correct response has been made at least once. The response rate is medium, though the responses tend to increase as the interval approaches and slow down following the delivery of the reinforcement.Variable ratio reinforcement: This re fers to a reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses. A good example of variable ratio reinforcement is gambling. Variable ratio reinforcement results in a very high response rate and a very slow extinction rate. This explains why gambling becomes addictive.Variable interval reinforcement: This refers to a reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable interval of time has elapsed, provided the correct response has been made at least once. Variable ratio reinforcement also results in a very high response rate and a very slow extinction rate.Apart from reinforcement schedules, there are a few other factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment. These include:Satiation/Deprivation: Reinforcements lead to behavior change because of the individual’s craving for the reward/reinforcement. However, if the individual has received enough of the reward to satiate his or her cra ving, the individual will be less inclined to display the desired behavior.When the individual has been deprived of the reward, on the other hand, the effectiveness of the reinforcement will be increased due to the increased craving for the reward. This explains why Skinner used hungry rats in his experiments.Immediacy: Learning occurs faster when the consequence (reinforcement or punishment) is delivered immediately after an action or behavior. The more the consequence is delayed, the more ineffective it becomes.Consistency: Reinforcements that are consistently delivered following every correct response lead to faster learning times. Intermittent delivery of reinforcements leads to slower learning, but then the learned behavior is harder to extinguish compared to when reinforcements are consistently delivered after each correct response.Size: The amount of reinforcement or punishment also has an effect on the effectiveness of the consequence. When the reward is too little, it might not seem worthwhile to go through a lot of effort displaying the desired behavior for such a small reward.Similarly, when the punishment is too small, the benefits of engaging in the unwanted behavior might outweigh the discomfort of experiencing the punishment.APPLICATIONS OF OPERANT CONDITIONING AT THE WORKPLACEOperant conditioning can be applied at the workplace in various ways, from instituting corporate culture and addressing interactions between employees to helping an organization achieve its annual targets.Below are some ways operant conditioning can be useful at the workplace:Increased ProductivityPositive reinforcement, one of the key components of operant conditioning, can be used to increase productivity at the workplace.Providing employees with positive reinforcement â€" through verbal praise and through incentives such as bonuses, generous perks and pay increases can motivate employees to work harder, leading to increased productivity for the entire organization.Corpo rate CultureCompany culture is very important. It affects everything, from employee satisfaction to performance and how your organization is perceived in the media.To cultivate a great company culture, managers should identify the behaviors that need to be encouraged within the workplace and those that need to be discouraged.They can then come up with a system of rewards and punishments that are in line with the company’s desired culture.TeamworkHaving your employees work in teams is a great way of harnessing the benefits of both reinforcement and punishment. Working in teams can help your employees cover each other’s weaknesses and achieve their targets, helping them receive praise or promotions (reinforcement).At the same time, if certain members of the team are not working as hard as they should, they will incur negative backlash (punishment) from their team members, thus discouraging them from slacking off in future.This way, working as a team provides reinforcement for good performance and hard work and at the same time provides punishment for those who go against the grain.Using Sales as a RewardReinforcement is also commonly used to boost performance in sales departments. Many businesses provide bonuses for sales people who hit their targets. The bonus acts as positive reinforcement for achieving their targets.This motivates the sales people to learn everything they need to do in order to close more sales, hit their targets and get the bonus.WRAPPING UPSkinner’s theory of operant conditioning has been an important tool in helping psychologists understand how individuals learn and modify their behavior. The theory surmises that our environment and its reactions to our actions has a major influence on our behavior.Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning is something we use in daily life to either encourage behavior â€" by providing reinforcements â€" or to discourage behavior â€" by meting out punishment.You can see examples of operant conditioni ng in various spheres of daily life, from teaching your children good behavior and pet training to encouraging good performance at work and teaching good discipline in the military.

Health Policy and The Federal Government Essay examples

Our health care system is currently undergoing a much needed reform. We all too often hear about the uninsured and underinsured, how many millions of Americans are going without. What we do not hear about is how implementing new Health IT strategies we will help reform the health care system as well. We are all aware of the governments current financial situation but we cannot get anywhere without spending first. What are some of the major milestones in the development and advancement of Health IT? Health information technology (IT) has always been in development but within the last decade we are witnessing health IT move into new advancements we never thought we would see. In 2004, President Bush set a ten year goal for health IT†¦show more content†¦The ACA is another step in the right direction towards health care reform in the U.S. Are EMRs and EHRs developed enough to be successfully implemented in the U.S. health care system? Unfortunately, for the United States we always tend to lag behind everyone else in our health IT. While other countries are in complete use of EMRs and EHRs we are still working on our implementation. â€Å"To Date, it is estimated that only 20% of doctors and 10% of hospitals currently use EHRs† (Cullen, 2011). We have seen some doctors and hospitals implement EHRs letting us know it is developed enough to be successful. Implementing EMR’s and EHR’s is not going to be easy and may create a financial burden for some doctors and hospitals leading us into our next question. Who should be responsible for funding the implementation of EMRs and or EHRs? What types of incentives could policymakers use to influence providers’ or payers’ decisions to adopt use of such systems? Developing a new system and expecting all providers and hospitals to implement the system in a certain time frame without any assistance is a bold move. It has the potential of back firing on the government. 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Some could find this a moral obligation as a citizen of the United States. But by any means this topics has major implications to President Trumps policies and Federalism. And with these cities becoming more mainstream, question are becoming more relevant to other parts of government. There are direct effects

College Tuition Should Be Regulated - 897 Words

As a freshman college student, I believe that college tuition is much higher compared to what it used to be. One reason why it continues to increase is mainly because of the significant amount of loans that is being borrowed by college students but is not getting paid back. However, does anyone ever wonder where does the money put into colleges go to? College professors are not the reason that college cost so much; in addition to, the money also goes towards sport teams, scholarships, and construction work to expand the campuses (Carey). â€Å"Tuition at Stanford University in 1980-81 was $6,285. Thirty years later, Stanford’s tuition had risen to $38,700. Tuition in 2011-12 is $40,050,† Goodman stated. With that being said college tuition should be regulated because it would be more affordable, students would not feel as pressured, and the country’s debt will slowly begin to decrease. Although college tuition at the University of South Alabama i cheaper than Sta nford University it is still expensive for an average middle class family. College tuition should be regulated because it would be more affordable for students that are fresh out of high school. Tuition at the University of South Alabama in 2015-2016 is estimated to $9,240 but it could be either higher or lower for students in a specific major. Tuition for USA in 1987 for in-state students was $1,581 and for out-of-state students it was $2,181. Twenty-three years later in 2010 tuition rose up to $5,962 for in-state andShow MoreRelatedCollege Tuition Should Be Regulated915 Words   |  4 PagesAs a freshman college student I believe that college tuition is much higher compared to what it used to be. One reason why it continues to increase is mainly because of the significant amount of loans that are borrowed by college students but are not getting paid back; however, does anyone ever wonder where does the money that is put into colleges go to? College professors are not the reason that college cost so much; in addition to, the money also goes towards sport teams, scholarships, and constructionRead MoreThe Problem Of The Student Loan Bubble990 Words   |  4 Pagesseven percent of the national debt, and a nervous jolt should be running down our spines. The college dream is turning into our worst nightmare. This bubble is thinning faster than ever before, with federal, private and other alternative lenders being the dry air that will soon make it pop. Why is it that this problem has not been fixed yet? The answer to that I am unsure of, but what is certain is the problem is only getting worse. College is supposed to be an avenue to allow students to exploreRead MoreIncome Share Agreements ( Isa )1169 Words   |  5 PagesAgreements (ISA) With student loan debt becoming increasingly worse year after year, new and potentially better avenues for students to finance a college education are emerging onto the market. In particular, income-share agreements (ISA) have appeared on the scene for a few years now, but not have attempted to modernize the way students pay for college. The big take away from ISA’s is the shift of financial risk from the student to the investor, unlike the traditional government or private loansRead MoreRules Of The American Collegiate Committee872 Words   |  4 PagesDefined†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...1 1.2 Subsection: Consequences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 2. ESTABLISHING THE AMERICAN COLLEGIATE COMMITTEE†¦..2 2.1 Subsection: ACC Function†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 2.2 Subsection: Committee Employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 3. REGULATED INCOME PROCEDURES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 3.1 Subsection: Separate Frozen Account†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 3.2 Subsection: Money within the Cap†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 3.3 Subsection: Federal Loans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 4. TARGETED INSTITUTIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMiddle And Working Class Family s Depend On Student Loans Essay1546 Words   |  7 PagesTerri Gray Chamberlain college of Nursing â€Æ' Prewriting Assignment What is your narrowed topic? Middle and working class family’s depend on student loans. Loans are the only way to an education for many families not only here in the USA. Also I find it interesting that most minority families do not understand the cost of education. Student loans are aver political issue and many polices and laws have been put in place for people to have access to education yet the tuition costs are on the rise andRead MoreThe Cost of Tuition Among Colleges and Universities in Highly Diversified and Indefinite926 Words   |  4 PagesThe cost of tuition among colleges and universities is highly diversified and indefinite. 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Conference Management Free Essays

string(30) " after it is has been served\." Abstract This project aims to create a common platform for organizing activities of conference. The conference management system will manage the abstracts and research papers submitted by scholars, reviewing them, and accepting or rejecting them. This will greatly reduce the costs and efforts of the conference managers and authors where they can directly interact through internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Conference Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Currently there is a need for such a conference management system, where research conferences relating to different fields can be managed by single application. This application can host any number of conferences and large number of paper can be submitted. The environment created would enhance the usability of conference’s thereby facilitating the researcher’s to submit their papers easily and making organizers to manage the research’s by forwarding it to the jury and taking their reviews. This would reduce a lot of effort. It would also eliminate the need to have expertise on employing people for managing all such activities. It would smooth the progress of conference management and all the activities will take place in well-defined manner. Table of Contents Page No. RecommendationI Dissertation Approval Sheet II Candidate DeclarationIII AcknowledgementIV AbstractV Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Overview and issues involved01 1. 2 Problem definition 01 1. 3Problem Solution 01 Chapter-2 Literature Survey 2. 1 Methodology 03 2. 2 Technologies and tools 04 Chapter-3 Requirements gathering 3. 1 Software requirements 08 3. 2 Hardware requirements 98 3. 3 Use case model 10 Chapter-4 Analysis 4. 1 Sequence diagrams 18 4. 2 Activity diagrams 22 Chapter-5 Design 5. 1 Technology selection 25 5. 2 Database design 28 5. 3 Implementation details Chapter-6 Testing 6. 1Test case and design30 6. 2Testing methods and strategies31 Conclusion 37 Bibliography38 Chapter-1 Introduction This conference management tool aims at improving the conference management practices and reduces the burden on the part of organizers, and provides the technical solution for the research paper submission and reviews. 1. 1 Overview and Issues Involved There are large numbers of conferences being taking place at different locations all over the world, we have seen researchers and eminent educationist submit their research papers at these conferences, they generally have to send the research paper through post and it takes a lot of time. This project is focused towards developing a management system that will cater to the needs of the conference organizers. 1. 2 Problem Definition In the present scenario, the conference organizers face a lot of problems in coordinating various activities that are associated with conference. This increases a lot of effort and needs a lot of expertise and large numbers of people are required to manage all the process. This definitely is not an easy task. There is a lot of trouble involved in submitting a research paper to a conference and then sending it to a jury, for review and their comments. To speed up this process of conference management was our main focus in this project. 1. 3 Problem Solution This project will be a fine demonstration of efficient use of technology and engineering in the web- application development field. This will cut down the organizing and maintenance cost of conference’s and will also reduce the efforts of author to send their research papers through post. This is done through creation of a conference management application that would assist the organizers to run their conference effectively. Our software product ‘conference management system’ is designed and developed to provide the rigid solution for the handling of conferences. We have designed an interface that will provide the platform for the researchers and educationist to submit their research papers online and it will be forwarded to jury for their review and comments. The system will help the user’s to create new conference by providing the information of the conference and the request will be forwarded to the administrator for validation. The administrator can accept or reject the conference request and he will have to authority to delete the author if he is found doing illegal activity on the system. The chair of the conference will add the program committee members to review the papers submitted in that conference. The chair can check the details of the paper submitted in the conference installed by him. The program committee member will be reviewing the conference for which he is selected by the chair to review the conference. The program committee can download the research paper for reading it so it can be reviewed in a better manner. . 1 Methodology To operate this software in a best possible way, the user should have some knowledge of accessing internet and navigating the internet through any browser. He should be aware of how conferences are hosted and the working of organization that host’s the conference i. e. from submitting of paper, forwarding it to the jury, and then finalizing selected research pa pers. 1 System Interfaces As our system is completely an independent system in itself thus it does not require any external API or any interface for interaction with any other system. It only interacts with the administrator and author’s, but not with any other software component. 2 Interfaces Our system will interact with the user only through the well defined graphical user interface. Client server architecture will be required for supporting the application. Client Server Architecture A server is anything that has some resource that can be shared. There are Computer servers, which provide computing power; print servers, which manage a collection of printers; disk servers, which provide networked disk space; and web servers, which store web pages. A client is simply any other entity that wants to gain access to a particular server. The interaction between client and server is just like the interaction between a lamp and an electrical socket. The power grid of the house is the server, and the lamp is a power client. The server is a permanently available resource, while the client is free to â€Å"unplug† after it is has been served. You read "Conference Management" in category "Papers" [pic] Fig 2. 1 Client-Server Architecture 2. 2 Technologies and Tools NetBeans NetBeans refer to both a platform framework for java desktop applications,and an integrated development environment(IDE). The NetBeans IDE is written in Java and can run anywhere a compatible JVM is installed, including Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc. The NetBeans platform allows application to be developed from a set of modular software components called modules. The NetBeans Platform is a reusable framework for simplifying the development of Java Swing desktop applications. Among the features of the platform are: †¢ User interface management (e. g. menus, toolbars) †¢ User settings management †¢ Storage management (saving and loading any kind of data) †¢ Window management Wizard framework (supports step-by-step dialogs) †¢ NetBeans Visual Library †¢ Integrated development Tools Adobe Dreamweaver Adobe Dreamweaver is the industry-leading web authoring and editing software that provides both visual and code-level capabilities for creating standards-based websites and designs for the desktop, smart phones, tablets, and other devices. It is a site building and publishing tool ap propriate for intermediate to advanced users that allows you to create graphical interface and built-in advanced design and coding features. It enables use of basic JavaScript without any coding knowledge. Integrating features of Adobe Dreamweaver are amazing; it integrates with Adobe’s Spry Ajax framework and that makes an easy access to dynamically-generated content and interfaces. Adobe Dreamweaver is also integrated with Adobe Flash Professional, Fireworks, Photoshop Extended; this lessens the amount of stages for making projects. Adobe Dreamweaver supports leading web development technologies such as HTML, XHTML, CSS, XML, JavaScript, Ajax, PHP, Adobe ColdFusion software, which make designing and development really magical. Powerful CSS tools do not need separate utilities, and reduce the need to manually edit CSS code in designing and developing websites. Adobe Dreamweaver is the best application for extension developers and web designers who design and put up websites. MySQL Mysql is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language. Free-software-open source projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. For commercial use, several paid editions are available, and offer additional functionality. Uses MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP web application software stack—LAMP is an acronym for â€Å"Linux, Apache, MySQL and Perl/PHP/Python†. MySQL is used in some of the most frequently visited web sites on the Internet, including Flickr. com, Nokia. com, YouTube and as previously mentioned, Wikipedia, Google and Facebook. Glass Fish Server: Glassfish is an open source application server project led by Sun Microsystems for the Java EE platform. The proprietary version is called Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server. Glassfish is free software. The latest version of GlassFish released is v3. 1. Other Java EE application servers: †¢ JBoss AS †¢ WebSphere AS †¢ WebLogic Server †¢ Apache Geronimo MODULE-2 †¢ JDBC/ODBC: ODBC  (Open Database Connectivity) is a standard software interface for accessing database management systems (DBMS). The designers of ODBC aimed to make it independent of  programming languages, database systems, and  operating systems. Thus, any application can use ODBC to query data from a database, regardless of the platform it is on or DBMS it uses. ODBC accomplishes platform and language independence by using an  ODBC driver  as a translation layer between the application and the DBMS. The application thus only needs to know ODBC syntax, and the driver can then pass the query to the DBMS in its native format, returning the data in a format the application can understand. Java DataBase Connectivity, commonly referred to as  JDBC, is an  API  for the  Java programming language  that defines how a client may access a  database. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database. JDBC is oriented towards relational databases. A JDBC-to-ODBC  bridge enables connections to any ODBC-accessible data source in the  JVM  host environment. JDBC allows multiple implementations to exist and be used by the same application. The API provides a mechanism for dynamically loading the correct Java packages and registering them with the JDBC Driver Manager. The Driver Manager is used as a connection factory for creating JDBC connections. JDBC connections support creating and executing statements. These may be update statements such as  SQL’s CREATE, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE, or they may be query statements such as SELECT. †¢ MySql †¢ Tomcat Server. Rational Rose Model Rational rose is an object oriented Unified Modeling Language (UML) software design tool intended for visual modeling and component construction of enterprise level software applications. Rose facilitates object-oriented analysis design, better known for OOAD. In fact, Rose is an acronym for Rational Object Oriented Software Engineering. The great things about Rose is that it allows analysts, engineers, writers and project managers to create, view, manipulate modeling elements in a Unified Modeling Language (UML) across the entire enterprise, using one tool and one language. The tool’s true value is that it exposes software development problems early on in the development life cycle, helping you manage everything from straight forward projects to more complex software solutions. Basically, Rose supports use-case driven object modeling. Chapter-3 Requirement Gathering 3. 1 Software Requirements Functional Requirements |SRS 001 |Add new author |This system shall be able to add new users with valid email-id. | |SRS 002 |Install Conference |Conference management system shall provide users to add new conferences. |SRS 003 |Submit a paper |Authors can submit their papers in already existing validated conferences. | |SRS 004 |Conference validation by administrator |All the conferences are validated by administrators so as to avoid any unauthorized| | | |researches. | |SRS 005 |Program committee selection by Chair |Eminent program committee is selected by chair so as to provide best expertise and | | | |best research papers are selected. |SRS 006 |Paper s election by Program committee |The program committee can select the papers which he wants to review. | |SRS 007 |Upload review |The program committee member can upload his review for selected papers. | |SRS 008 |Mail to Authors and PC member |The chair can send mail from time to time to program committee member and author. | |SRS 009 |Paper download |The program committee can download the paper for further reading. |SRS 009 |Review form download |The program committee can download the review form for making reviews. | |SRS 011 |User feedback |User’s valuable feedback provides us a constant motivation of improvement. | Table 3. 1 Showing Functional Requirements Non-functional Requirements |SRS012 |Access Permission |The conference management system shall have several types of access permissions. For instance, | | | |the administrator is shall be able to validate conference requests and delete the author. At | | | |the same time, authors shall have restricted access to already submitted research papers. | |SRS013 |Maintainability |The system shall provide the capability to backup the database and it is very easy to maintain | | | |and work on. | |SRS014 |Reliability |The system shall be available all the time, only a internet connectivity is required. |SRS015 |Flexibility |The conference management system shall be flexible and adaptable due to future plans of | | | |expanding the system. | Table 3. 2 Showing Non-Functional Requirements Development End †¢ Operating System (Windows, Mac OS, Linux) †¢ Java Development Kit (JDK) 5 or above †¢ HTML editor (Macromedia Dreamweaver 8) Client End †¢ Internet connection. †¢ A java enabled browser. 3. 2 Hardware Requirements Development End †¢ 500Mhz Intel Pentium-III or higher processor †¢ An Internet connection †¢ 512 MB RAM 600 MB of free hard-drive space, for each platform downloaded into the SDK, an a dditional 100MB is needed. Client End †¢ 500 MHz Pentium III processor above. †¢ 2 GB hard disk and 256 MB of RAM. †¢ An internet enabled device. †¢ Web Browser installed operating system. 3. 3 Use Case Model In this project, the analysis and design is used as a technique to conduct a research into conference management system. Design is completely based on definition of problem and the knowledge based construct. The use-case diagram which clearly depicts how this system behaves is constructed. End users can easily circumspect the operations carried out. Also the relationship between various elements is visible and the constraints are easily identified. [pic] Fig 1. 1 Use case for Author. [pic] Fig 1. 2 Use case diagram for Program committee member. [pic] Fig 1. 3 Use case diagram for Editor [pic] Fig 1. 4 Use case diagram for Administrator Use Case Description 3. 3. 1 UC01: Login 3. 3. 1. 1 Description:The user logs in the web site. 3. 3. 1. 2 Flow of events:User opens the login page; enter his id and password, and clicks on login button. 3. 3. 1. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 1. 3 Special requirements:N. A. 3. 3. 1. Preconditions:The user must have registered him before with the web site and should hold a valid account. 3. 3. 1. 5 Post conditions: The user gets access to the site. 3. 3. 1. 6 Extension point:N. A. 3. 3. 2 UC02: Sign Up 3. 3. 2. 1 Description:The user registers him by entering his details. An account is made where his profile information is maintained. 3. 3. 2. 2 Flow of events Entering all the fields and then clicking on submit button. 3. 3. 2. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 2. 3 Special requirements: N. A. 3. 3. 2. 4 Preconditions: The user should have a valid email account. The mandatory fields should not be left empty. 3. 3. 2. 5 Post conditions:The user has a valid account on the website. 3. 3. 2. 6 Extension point:N. A. 3. 3. 3 UC03: Install a Conference 3. 3. 3. 1 Description: The author can create a new conference. 3. 3. 3. 2 Flow of events: Users logs in, and then go to chooses create conference option and enters the conference details and submits his request. 3. 3. 3. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 3. 3 Special requirements:N. A. 3. 3. 3. 4 Preconditions: The user must have a valid account on the web site. 3. 3. 3. Post conditions: The request for a new conference is submitted. 3. 3. 3. 6 Extension point: N. A. 3. 3. 4 UC04: Submit Paper 3. 3. 4. 1 Description: The author can submit his research paper on the existing conferences. 3. 3. 4. 2 Flow of events: Author logs in, and then goes to chooses submit conference option and enters the research paper details and submits his paper. 3. 3. 4. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 4. 3 Special req uirements:The author must have a valid research paper. 3. 3. 4. 4 Preconditions: The author must have a valid account on the web site. . 3. 4. 5 Post conditions: The author’s research paper is submitted and will be forwarded to jury for review. 3. 3. 4. 6 Extension point: N. A. 3. 3. 5 UC05: Edit Profile 3. 3. 5. 1 Description:The user can access his own profile information. He can either view or edit the profile. 3. 3. 5. 2 Flow of events: Users logs in, and then goes to My-Account section to view and edit his profile information. 3. 3. 5. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 5. 3 Special requirements: 3. 3. 5. 4 Preconditions: The user must have a valid account on the website. 3. 3. . 5 Post conditions: The profile information is updated. 3. 3. 5. 6 Extension point:N. A. 3. 3. 6 UC06: Validate Conference 3. 3. 6. 1 Description: The administrator can validate the conference requests. 3. 3. 6. 2 Flow of events The administrator logs in and then goes to selects the validate con ference option, then selects the conference requests which is to be validated. 3. 3. 6. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 6. 3 Special requirements: N. A. 3. 3. 6. 4 Preconditions:The administrator must hold a valid account and must be properly logged in. . 3. 6. 5 Post condition: The selected conferences are validated. 3. 3. 6. 6 Extension point:N. A. 3. 3. 7 UC07: Add PC member 3. 3. 7. 1 Description: The chair has the right to invite the PC member to review the paper for a particular conference. 3. 3. 7. 2 Flow of events The author has to change his role from author to chair, then select the conference for which he wants to invite the PC member. 3. 3. 7. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 7. 3 Special requirements: The author has to change his role from author to chair to be able to add 3. 3. . 4 Preconditions:The author is properly logged in and changes his role from author to editor. 3. 3. 7. 5 Post condition: The PC member is invited to review the paper for a particular con ference. 3. 3. 7. 6 Extension point:N. A. 3. 3. 8 UC08: Review the paper 3. 3. 8. 1 Description: The PC member can review the paper for which chair has invited him. 3. 3. 8. 2 Flow of events The author will have to first change his role to PC member, then select the conference which he wants to review and then select the research paper for which he wants to write review. The PC member posts his review for that paper. 3. 3. 8. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 8. 3 Special requirements: The author must be added by chair as a PC member for that conference. 3. 3. 8. 4 Preconditions:The PC member should be added by program chair to review that conference, and he should have changed his role from author to PC member. 3. 3. 8. 5 Post condition: The author posts the review of the paper. 3. 3. 8. 6 Extension point:N. A. 3. 3. 9 UC09: Download Paper 3. 3. 9. 1 Description: The PC member can download the research paper. 3. 3. 9. Flow of events The author changes his role from author to PC member, selects the conference and particular research paper, then downloads the paper. 3. 3. 9. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 9. 3 Special requirements: The author must be added by chair as a PC member for that conference. 3. 3. 9. 4 Preconditions:The PC member should be added by program chair to review that conference, and he should have changed his role from author to PC member. 3. 3. 9. 5 Post condition: The PC member downloads the paper. 3. 3. 9. 6 Extension point:N. A. 3. 3. 10 UC010: View Paper Details 3. 3. 10. Description: The PC member can check the details of the research paper. 3. 3. 10. 2 Flow of events The author changes his role from author to PC member, selects the conference and particular research paper, then views the detail of paper. 3. 3. 10. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 10. 3 Special requirements: The author must be added by chair as a PC member for that conference. 3. 3. 10. 4 Preconditions:The PC member should be added by program chair to review that conference, and he should have changed his role from author to PC member. 3. 3. 10. 5 Post condition: The PC member check the details of paper. 3. 3. 0. 6 Extension point:N. A. 3. 3. 8 UC11: Delete Author 3. 3. 11. 1 Description: The administrator can delete any author if he does any illegal activity. 3. 3. 11. 2 Flow of events The administrator logs in and selects the author to be deleted. 3. 3. 11. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 11. 3 Special requirements: N. A. 3. 3. 11. 4 Preconditions:The administrator must hold a valid account and must be properly logged in. 3. 3. 11. 5 Post condition: The author is deleted from the system. 3. 3. 11. 6 Extension point:N. A. 3. 3. 12 UC12: Logout 3. 3. 12. 1 Description: The administrator can delete the author. . 3. 12. 2 Flow of events The administrator logs in and selects the logout option and administrator is logged out. 3. 3. 12. 2. 1 Alternative Flows: N. A. 3. 3. 12. 3 Special requirements: N. A. 3. 3. 12. 4 Preconditions:The administrator must hold a valid account and must be properly logged in. 3. 3. 12. 5 Post condition: The author is logged out from administrator page. 3. 3. 12. 6 Extension point:N. A. Chapter-4 Analysis 4. 1 Sequence Diagram A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram in UML that emphasizes the time ordering of the messages. It shows how processes operate one with another an d in what order. It shows parallel vertical lines as different processes or objects that live simultaneously, and horizontal arrows as the messages exchanged between them, in the order in which they occur. The boxes across the top of the diagram represent the use cases, objects, classes, or actors. The dashed lines hanging from the boxes are called object lifelines, representing the life span of the object during the scenario being modeled. The long, thin boxes on the lifelines are activation boxes, also called method-invocation boxes, which indicate processing is being performed by the target object/class to fulfill a message. Messages are indicated on UML sequence diagrams as labeled arrows, when the source and target of a message is an object or class the label is the signature of the method invoked in response to the message. Return values are optionally indicated using a dashed arrow with a label indicating the return value. [pic] Fig 4. 1 Sequence Diagram for Login [pic] Fig 4. 2 Sequence Diagram for Sign Up [pic] Fig 4. 3 Sequence Diagram for My-Account Section [pic] Fig 4. 4 Sequence Diagram for Paper Submission [pic] Fig 4. 5 Sequence Diagram for Conference validation [pic] Fig 4. 6 Sequence Diagram to add PC member. [pic] Fig 4. Sequence Diagram to write review for a paper. [pic] Fig 4. 8 Sequence Diagram to check submission details of a conference. 4. 2 Activity Diagram An Activity Diagram is essentially a flow chart showing flow of control from activity to activity. They are used to model the dynamic aspects of as system. They can also be used to model the flow of an object as it moves from stat e to state at different points in the flow of control. Activity diagrams commonly contain fork start end symbol. [pic] Fig 4. 7 Activity diagram for Author [pic] Fig. 4. 8 Activity diagram for administrator Chapter-5 Design 5. 1 Technology Selection We are a part of a rapidly changing software industry. New and better software’s are created every day. The main purpose of the software is to provide comfort to its users and also to the other developers. Java Java Platform, Standard Edition or Java SE is a widely used platform for programming in the Java language. It is the Java Platform used to deploy portable applications for general use. In practical terms, Java SE consists of a virtual machine, which must be used to run Java programs, together with a set of libraries needed to allow the use of file systems, networks, graphical interfaces, and so on, from within those programs. Java Development Kit jdk 1_5_0 it has been by far the most widely used Java SDK Sun contributed the source code to the OpenJDK. The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a Sun Microsystems product aimed at Java developers. Since the introduction of Java, it has been by far the most widely used Java Software Development Kit. A Java Development Kit (JDK) is a program development environment for writing Java applets and applications. It consists of a runtime environment that â€Å"sits on top† of the operating system layer as well as the tools and programming that developers need to compile, debug, and run applets and applications written in the Java language. A JVM can also execute byte code compiled from programming languages other than Java. Java was conceived with the concept of WORA: â€Å"write once, run anywhere†. This is done using the Java Virtual Machine. The JVM is the environment in which Java programs execute. It is software that is implemented on non-virtual hardware and on standard operating systems. JVM is a crucial component of the Java platform, and because JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms, Java can be both middleware and a platform in its own right, hence the trademark write once, run anywhere. The use of the same byte code for all platforms allows Java to be described as â€Å"compile once, run anywhere†, as opposed to â€Å"write once, compile anywhere†, which describes cross-platform compiled languages. A JVM also enables such features as automated exception handling, which provides â€Å"root-cause† debugging information for every software error (exception), independent of the source code. A JVM is distributed along with a set of standard class libraries that implement the Java application programming interface (API). Appropriate APIs bundled together form the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). Java’s execution environment is termed the Java Runtime Environment, or JRE. Programs intended to run on a JVM must be compiled into a standardized portable binary format, which typically comes in the form of . class files. A program may consist of many classes in different files. For easier distribution of large programs, multiple class files may be packaged together in a . jar file. JSP and Servlets A servlet is a Java programming language class used to extend the capabilities of servers that host applications accessed via a request-response programming model. Although servlets can respond to any type of request, they are commonly used to extend the applications hosted by Web servers. To deploy and run, the Apache Tomcat Server may be used. It is an open source servlet container developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the Java Server Pages (JSP) specifications from Sun Microsystems, and provides a â€Å"pure Java† HTTP web server environment for Java code to run. Java Server Pages  (JSP) is a  Java  technology that helps  software developers  serve  dynamically generated web pages  based on HTML,  XML, or other document types. JSP may be viewed as a high-level abstraction of  Java servlets. JSP pages are loaded in the server and are operated from a structured special installed Java server packet called a Java EE Web Application, often packaged as a  . war  or  . ear  file archive. JSP allows Java code and certain pre-defined actions to be interleaved with static web markup content, with the resulting page being compiled and executed on the server to deliver an HTML or XML document. The compiled pages and any dependent Java libraries use Java byte code rather than a native software format, and must therefore be executed within a  Java virtual machine  (JVM) that integrates with the host  operating system  to provide an abstract platform-neutral environment. MySQL as a backend Features of MySQL 1. Speed: Of course, the speed at which a server side program runs depends primarily on the server hardware. Given that the server hardware is optimal, MySQL runs very fast. It supports clustered servers for demanding applications. 2. Ease of use: MySQL is a high-performance, relatively simple database system. From the beginning, MySQL has typically been configured, monitored, and managed from the command line. However, several MySQL graphical interfaces are available as described below: †¢ MySQL Administrator: This tool makes it possible for administrators to set up, evaluate, and tune their MySQL database server. This is intended as a replacement for mysqladmin. †¢ MySQL Query Browser: Provides database developers and operators with a graphical database operation interface. It is especially useful for seeing multiple query plans and result sets in a single user interface. Configuration Wizard: Administrators can choose from a predefined list of optimal settings, or create their own. †¢ MySQL System Tray: Provides Windows-based administrators a single view of their MySQL instance, including the ability to start and stop their database servers. 3. Cost: MySQL is available free of cost. MySQL is a â€Å"Open Source† database. MySQL is part of LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL , PHP / Perl / Python) environemtn, a fast growing open source enterprise software stack. More and more companies are using LAMP as an alternative to expensive proprietary oftware stacks because of its lower cost, reliability, and documentation. 4. Query Language Support: MySQL understands standards based SQL (Structured Query Language). 5. Capability: Many clients can connect to the server at the same time. Clients can use multiple database simultaneously. You can access MySQL using several interfaces such as command-line clients, Web browsers. 6. Connectivity and security: MySQL is fully networked, and database can be accessed from anywhere on the Internet, so you can share your data with anyone, anywhere. The connectivity could be achieved with Windows programs by using ODBC drivers. By using the ODBC connector to MySQL, any ODBC-aware client application (for example, Microsoft Office, report writers, Visual Basic) can connect to MySQL. 7. Portability: MySQL runs on many varieties of UNIX, as well as on other non-UNIX systems, such as Windows and OS/2. MySQL runs on hardware from home PCs to high-end server. MySQL can be installed on Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Red Hat Fedora Linux, Debian Linux, and others. We have maintained our database in MySQL that involves maintenance of information. 5. Database Design It is defined as â€Å"centralized repository of information about data such as meaning, relationships to other data, origin, usage, and format†. Our data dictionary is designed in order to fulfill: †¢ A document describing a database or collection of databases †¢ An integral component of a DBMS that is required to determine its structure †¢ A piece of m iddleware that extends or supplants the native data dictionary of a DBMS. The most challenging phase of the system life cycle is system design. The term design describes a final system and the process by which it is developed. It refers to the technical specifications that will be applied in implementing the candidate system. It also includes the construction of programs and program testing. System design is a solution, a â€Å"how to† approach the creation of a new system. This important phase is composed of several steps. It provides understanding and procedural details necessary for implementing the system recommended in the feasibility study. Emphasis is on translating the performance requirements into design specifications. The first step is to determine how the output is to be produced and in what format. Samples of the output and input are also presented. Second, input data and master files (database) have to be designed to meet the requirements of the proposed output. The operational (processing) phases are handled through program construction and testing, including a list of programs needed to meet the systems objectives and to complete documentation. Finally, details related to justification of the system and an estimate of the impact of the candidate system on the user and the organization are documented and evaluated by management as a step toward implementation. The design approach that was suited for the project turned out to be object-oriented design. It creates a representation of the real world problem domain maps it into a solution domain that is software. Unlike other methods, object-oriented design results in a design that interconnects data objects(data items) processing operations in a way that modularizes information processing , rather than processing alone. E-R diagrams represent the schemas or the overall organization of the system. In order to begin constructing the basic model, the modeler must analyze the information gathered during the requirement analysis for the purpose of: classifying data objects as either entities or attributes, ? identifying and defining relationships between entities, ? naming and defining identified entities, attributes, and relationships, ? documenting this information in the data document. ? Finally draw its ER diagram. To accomplish these goals the modeler must analyze narratives from users, no tes from meeting, policy and procedure documents, and, if lucky, design documents from the current information system. [pic] Fig 5. 1 Enhanced Entity-Relationship diagram. Chapter 6 Testing 6. Test Case and Design Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and the ultimate review of specification, design and code generation . Testing of the software leads to uncovering of errors in the software and reveal that whether software is functional and performance requirement are met. Testing also provides a good indication of software reliability as software quality as a whole. The result of different phases are evaluated and then compared with the expected results. If the errors are uncovered they are debugged and corrected. A strategy approach to software testing has the generic characteristics: †¢ Testing begins at the module level and works outwards towards the integration of the entire computer based system. †¢ Different testing techniques are appropriate at different point of time. †¢ Testing and debugging are different activities, but debugging must be accommodating in the testing strategy. †¢ A strategy for the software testing must be accommodate low level tests that are necessary to verify that a small source code segment is performing correctly according to the customers requirement and that of developers expectations. Testing Objectives †¢ Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. †¢ A good test case is one which has a high probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error. †¢ A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error. †¢ Our objective is to design tests that systematically uncover different classes of errors and to do so with minimum amount of time and effort. Testing Principles: †¢ All tests should be traceable to customer requirements. †¢ Tests should be planned long before testing begins. The Pareto principle applies to software testing. †¢ Testing should begin â€Å"in the small† and progress towards testing â€Å"in the large†. †¢ Exhaustive testing is not possible. †¢ To be most effective, testing should be conducted by an independent third party. 6. 2 Testing Methods and Strategies: Any engineered product can be tested in one of two ways: White-Box Testing: Knowing the internal workings of a product, tests can be conducted to ensure that the internal operation performs according to specification and all internal components have been adequately exercised. For testing our project, we have used the Black-Box testing methods, and a short description of this testing method follows: Black-Box Testing: Black box testing, also called â€Å"Behavioral testing†, focuses on the functional Requirements of the software. It enables the software engineer to derive sets of input conditions that will fully exercise all functional requirements for a program. It is a complementary approach to â€Å"White-Box testing† that is likely to uncover a different class of errors. Black Box testing attempts to find errors in the following categories: †¢ Incorrect or missing functions Interface errors †¢ Errors in data structures †¢ Behavior or performance errors †¢ Initialization and termination errors. Snapshots for Test cases: [pic] Fig 6. 2. 1 Snapshot for login Test Cases Description: following testing checks the authenticity of the end-user. Test 01 : Test case for successful Login Login ID: pushpendra Password: blackboard System Output: Successful Login Test 02 : Test case for incorrect password Login ID: pushpendra Password: chalk System Output: Incorrect user-id or Password [pic] Fig 6. 2. 2 Snapshot for conference installation Test Cases Description: this lets you install a new conference. Test 01 Conference name: International conference on environmental studies Conference acronym: ICES Email: ankitjain2791@yahoo. com City: Indore Country: India Your role: chair Research area: environmental Any other information: Send request System output: conference successfully installed. [pic] Fig 6. 2. 3 Snapshot for paper submission Test Cases Description: this lets you submit your research paper in your desired conference. Test 01: Name: mohit maheshwari E-mail: mohit. meheshwari2911@gmail. om Country: India Organization: Accenture India Title: cloud computing Abstract: benefits of new cloud computing Keyword: ACC Paper: paper1. pdf Browse System output: new paper successfully submitted. [pic] Fig 6. 2. 4 Snapshot for changing role Test Cases Description: this lets you change the role as per as requirement. Test 01: Present role: Author Change role New role: Chair System output: Your role successfully changed. [pic] Fig 6. 2. 5 Snapshot for updating profile Test Cases Description: this lets you update your personal information. Test 01: Name : ankit jain Contact number: 9407217505 E mail: ankitjain2791@yahoo. com Organization: Microsoft India Country: India Password: anjtdf Change password: fhdfioh Submit System output: your profile successfully updated. [pic] Fig 6. 2. 6 Snapshot for review of the paper Test Cases Description: this lets you review the form previously submitted by you. Test 01: ID : 412 Author: mohit jain Review rating: 4. 5 Comment: it was very innovative. Submit System output: your form has been successfully reviewed. Conclusion Software’s are making everyday life of humans being easier faster. This type web-application shows â€Å"How we can solve management problem? † Hence, software is managing the record database in behalf of humans. After completion of this website, authors and administrator can now access the conference’s and can submit the research paper of their interest field. It is aimed at improving the infrastructure of the conference organizer’s by providing authors an opportunity to submit their papers. Thus it can manage the entire conference process related to paper submission, jury selection, and paper review, under the complete control of the administrator. In our project, we have used Mysql RDBMS for the creation, maintenance and use of the database. The user interface is designed using Java servlets, JSP using Netbeans IDE. We have defined two users for this system, author and administrator, each with their own access and rights and activities. This project allowed us to interact with JSP and servlets. We explored java database connectivity and also became familiar with requirements of a conference management system. BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFRENCES 7. 1 BOOKS REFERED The following books were used extensively for the project development and implementation. . â€Å"The Complete Reference Java2† Tata McGraw-Hill publishing Company Limited. By- Herbert Schildt. 2. The Complete Reference to JAVA SERVER PAGES 3. Head First – Java Servlets 4. Software Engineering Pearson edition By Ian SommerVille 5. Database Management System by Ivan Bayross 7. 2 WEBSITES REFERED †¢ http://www. google. com †¢ http://www. wikipedia. com †¢ http://www. w3schools. com/css/css_examples. asp †¢ http://www. w3schools. com/js/default. asp †¢ http://www. jsptut. com/ †¢ http://www. roseindia. net/jsp/jsp. htm How to cite Conference Management, Papers

Self-Management of Chronic Asthma-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Choose a chronic illness from the below list and critically discuss how you would support selfmanagement of your client/patient living with this chronic illness in the Community. Answer: Introduction Asthma is generally a chronic respiratory tract disease which involves an interaction of obstruction in airflow, hyperresponsiveness of bronchi and inflammation. The severity of above interaction varies from patient to patient. Technically, the bronchial tubes of the lungs get inflamed and they become swollen, which in turns results in tightening of the bronchial muscles. Therefore, airflow through these bronchial tubes becomes difficult and shows symptoms like coughing, difficulty in breathing, wheezing and tightness of the chest. Many changes occur due to obstructive airflow through bronchial tubes. These changes are as follows: In asthma, the main physiological event occurs is narrowing of airway leading to obstruction in airflow(Asthma: pathophysiology, causes and diagnosis, 2014). In acute asthma, the narrowing of smooth muscles occurs rapidly due to some external stimuli such as allergens or some irritants. Pathophysiology and Self-Management of Chronic Asthma Bronchoconstriction due to allergens is mediated by the release of Ig-E dependent mediators which are released by mast cells. These mediators include histamine, prostaglandins, tryptase and leukotrienes which are responsible for contraction of bronchial smooth muscles. Further, in addition to above mediators other stimuli such as cold air, exercise and irritants may be responsible for airflow obstruction. The mechanisms governing the response of airway to the above factors are not well defined, but it appears that the main mechanism is related to inflammation of the airway(Bachert Zhang, 2012). The other factor which may also responsible for precipitating asthma complications is stress. Although the mechanisms for this is not clearly established yet. But it may be due to increased production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. When asthma becomes severe by time due to inflammation, other complications also begins such as hypersecretion of mucus, edema, and formation of mucus plugs in the airway. One of the reasons for hyperresponsiveness of airway may asthma. The mechanisms which are responsible for above pathology are dysfunctional neuro-regulation, inflammation, and structural changes. In some patients suffering from asthma, airflow obstruction may be reversible to some extent(Cardinale, Giordano, Chinellato Tesse, 2013). The permanent structural modifications can occur. These changes are due to progressive lung dysfunction which is not prohibited by or can be reversed by current therapy. Airway remodeling includes an activation of several structural cells, with permanent changes that enhance the airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. This leads to patient decreased response to therapy. The structural changes discussed above can be the sub-basement membrane thickening, airway hypertrophy of smooth muscles and hyperplasia, subepithelial fibrosis, proliferation of blood vessels and dilation, and mucus hypersecretion(Henderson, 2008). The following are the important points which should be always taken into consideration by nurses during health management of asthma patients: Nurses should put emphasis on long-term therapy which is ongoing.Nurses should take care of patients with moderate as well as severe asthma require inhaled anti-inflammatory therapy on daily basis to decrease asthma episodes.Discuss with the patient and concerned physician to prepare a management plan for asthma as per the needs of the patient.During every visit, review management plan of each patient and their medication. At every visit, nurses should ask patients about the medicines they are taking and make sure that they are not taking beta blockers(Mogasale Vos, 2013). For patients susceptible to aspirin, tell them not to take any kind of NSAIDs. The NSAIDs can lead to severe asthma episode.Teach the patient about the correct use of metered-dose inhalers and nebulizers. Ask the patient to demonstrate the same. If needed, again teach the patient about the procedure.Nurses play an important role in healthcare by helping patients to make decisions and learn about specific actions to be taken to control asthma. Nurses should deliberately plan and involved in educating their patient so as to increase the probability that patients will stick to the recommended actions(Lehrer, Mullol, Agredo Alobid, 2014). Health promotion is a process of increasing the control of people over there health. It includes a wide range of environmental and social interventions. Health promotion is linked by values e.g Ottawa charter awareness and empowerment. The Ottawa charter, it is the name given after international conference on health promotion held on November 1986 in Ottawa, Canada. The principles which were included under Ottawa charter for health promotion are personal skill development, strengthening the community, the creation of supportive environment and reorganize health service. These principles of health promotion were discussed at an 8th global conference held in Helsinki in 2013(Albuterol multidose dry powder inhaler efficacy and safety versus placebo in children with asthma, 2016). Campbell and Gibson state that for the promotion of health and enhancement of individuals skills in order to resolve their issues, meet their needs and locate their resources for better control over their survi val, the most important thing which is required is Empowerment. In the case of an asthmatic patient, the aim of empowerment would be the betterment of the patients condition as asthma is incurable, making patients responsible for their health and focus on the opportunities that are available in their communities. The role of nursing within this context is to promote health and provide education on inhaler therapy technique used by asthma patient(Kowalski, 2010). According to Marmot et.al improvement in education on asthma would increase awareness, knowledge and help the patient to make healthier choices. There are various theoretical models on health promotion which focus on health related decisions like Rosenstock Health belief model. This is the best-known model for health promotion. Health belief model was modified in 1980, it explained a reason behind a failure to use health services by the people.There is an another model named shiing perspectives model of chronic illness that indicate a pathway for health professionals on improvement and supporting individuals suffering from chronic illness(Londoo Schulz, 2015). Whitehead developed a Florence Nightingale's model which states that the nurse, the client, and the environmental factors are in balance. If the environmental factor is out of balance the patient spends unnecessary energy. So, the role of the nurse is to maintain the balance of the patient with environmental factors which enc ourages healing. Chronic asthma manifestations and symptoms such as wheezing, cough, and dyspnea significantly affect the daily life of family members or carers. According to a survey in children asthma and their carers, about 33% of their carers left work in one year due to their the asthma of child. The work lost and burden on the family members is directly associated with the severity of asthma. Carers of patients with uncontrolled asthma are likely to have high chances to bear work loss approximately more than 5 days a week as compared to carers of patients having controlled asthma(Ellis, 2012). People suffering from chronic illness need more health services which increase their interaction with the health system. If the system and organizations fail to provide culturally competent healthcare, there is a higher risk of negative health results. Americans, Africans and other minorities have less interaction with the physicians which results in lower satisfaction with their care(Nygrdh, Malm, Wikby Ahlstrm, 2011). There is lower interaction among Asian Americans and Latinos with physicians. Lower patient- physician interaction is associated with dissatisfaction system. Latinos, Asian Americans, and African Americans in comparison to whites believe that they would have received better services if they belong to different ethnicity or race. Various reports have shown that African Americans, they feel more disrespectful when they were treated as compared to other different minority groups. Individual behavior, values, and beliefs about well being and health services are affected by various factors such as nationality, ethnicity, race, socioeconomic status, occupation, physical mental status and language (Morrison, Mair, Yardley, Kirby Thomas, 2016). Cultural competence is broadly defined as the ability of the organization to integrate and understand these factors for better delivery of healthcare services. The goal of the culturally efficient health care system is to provide better health care services irrespective of ethnicity, nationality, race, English proficiency and cultural background. There are various strategies to improve patient-physician interaction for better health services: Providing training to improve skills, increasing knowledge, and cultural awareness. Introduce various cultural specific tools into the healthcare system(Nunes, Pereira Morais-Almeida, 2017).To increase operation hours.Include community and family members in making healthcare decisions. Recruit minority staff. For better cultural competence in the healthcare system, professional should be taught about how to provide better services in culturally competent manner. There are various training courses, teaching methods which vary greatly in content from four-hour seminar to months academic course. Key DOs and DONTs must provide to healthcare professionals for a particular group. It is nearly impossible to know everything about each culture completely. Training courses must be provided which are universal. Some key points for a better understanding of people from different cultural background(Evans-Agnew, 2017): Physician or health care provider must be polite, non-confronting and predictable with patients and their family members.They do not ask questions or make assumptions.They do not get inattentive if the patient does not make eye contact.They must use an interpreter if a patient is from different cultural background.Healthcare providers or physicians must learn how to greet Non-English speakers.They must use visual aids if there is a language problem. The main principle of the concept is to make patient informed about choices and helps them in making their decisions. For further elaboration, Patient empowerment is the concept which involves control over the daily conditions of the patients(Sills, Ginde, Clark Camargo, 2010). Patients attain necessary knowledge, self-awareness, and skills to make their quality of life better. The concept of patient empowerment includes following key points: There are main three parameters which are important at the initiative stage of patient empowerment i.e education, health literacy, provision for information for self-management and making right decisions.The concept includes strategies for both patients and healthcare professionals. Implementation of strategies is categorized into three levels i.e micro level which is initiative level, a meso level which is implementation at some regional level and macro level which includes implementation at the national level or another higher level(Anderson Funnell, 2010). Conclusion Several patients suffering form uncontrolled asthma, despite the frequent availability of effective therapy options. Nursing practitioners have a unique role and opportunity as frontline healthcare professionals and patient educators to recognize and analyze chronic asthma. Nursing practitioners also have to determine the necessary actions to facilitate patients and maintain the check on symptom control. With the implementation of the above-discussed points such as patient empowerment, cultural safety, and health management, the role of Nursing practitioners in asthma management will become more critical. Nursing practitioners are best suited for the duties of primary purveyors of asthma awareness, promoters for the partnership of healthcare system and patients for optimization of their health, and also plays an important role in ongoing monitoring to make sure for consistent achievement of therapeutic objectives for asthma management and control. References Albuterol multidose dry powder inhaler efficacy and safety versus placebo in children with asthma. (2016).Allergy And Asthma Proceedings. https://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2016.37.4015 Anderson, R., Funnell, M. (2010). Patient empowerment: Myths and misconceptions.Patient Education And Counseling,79(3), 277-282. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.07.025 Asthma: pathophysiology, causes and diagnosis. (2014).Clinical Pharmacist. https://dx.doi.org/10.1211/cp.2014.20066997 Bachert, C., Zhang, N. (2012). Chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma: novel understanding of the role of IgE above atopy.Journal Of Internal Medicine,272(2), 133-143. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02559.x Cardinale, F., Giordano, P., Chinellato, I., Tesse, R. (2013). Respiratory epithelial imbalances in asthma pathophysiology.Allergy And Asthma Proceedings,34(2), 143-149. https://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2013.34.3631 Ellis, J. (2012). The impact of lung cancer on patients and carers.Chronic Respiratory Disease,9(1), 39-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972311433577 Evans-Agnew, R. (2017). Asthma Disparity Photovoice.Health Promotion Practice, 152483991769103. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839917691039 Henderson, W. (2008). Secretory Phospholipase A2and Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness.Journal Of Asthma,45(sup1), 10-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02770900802569751 Kowalski, M. (2010). Medical Therapy in Chronic Rhinosinusitis.Current Allergy And Asthma Reports,10(3), 153-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-010-0100-8 Lehrer, E., Mullol, J., Agredo, F., Alobid, I. (2014). Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Asthma Patients: Is There Still a Debate?.Current Allergy And Asthma Reports,14(6). https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-014-0440-x Londoo, A., Schulz, P. (2015). Influences of health literacy, judgment skills, and empowerment on asthma self-management practices.Patient Education And Counseling,98(7), 908-917. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.03.003 Mogasale, V., Vos, T. (2013). Cost-effectiveness of asthma clinic approach in the management of chronic asthma in Australia.Australian And New Zealand Journal Of Public Health,37(3), 205-210. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12060 Morrison, D., Mair, F., Yardley, L., Kirby, S., Thomas, M. (2016). Living with asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease: Using technology to support self-management - An overview.Chronic Respiratory Disease. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972316660977 Nunes, C., Pereira, A., Morais-Almeida, M. (2017). Asthma costs and social impact.Asthma Research And Practice,3(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40733-016-0029-3 Nygrdh, A., Malm, D., Wikby, K., Ahlstrm, G. (2011). The experience of empowerment in the patient-staff encounter: the patient's perspective.Journal Of Clinical Nursing,21(5-6), 897-904. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03901.x Sills, M., Ginde, A., Clark, S., Camargo, C. (2010). Multicenter Study of Chronic Asthma Severity Among Emergency Department Patients With Acute Asthma.Journal Of Asthma, 100913044443056-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2010.504878